Who Invented Trivial Pursuit

It was the board game Time Magazine called the the biggest phenomenon in game history. Trivial Pursuit was  first conceived of on December 15, 1979, by Chris Haney and Scott Abbott. At the time, Haney worked as a photo editor at the Montreal Gazette and Abbott was a sports journalist for The Canadian Press. Haney was also a high school dropout who later joked that he only regretted not dropping out earlier. Scrabble Was the Inspiration The pair were playing a game of Scrabble when they decided to invent their own game. The two friends came up with the basic concept of Trivial Pursuit within a few short hours.  However, it was not until 1981 that the board game was commercially released. Haney and Abbott had taken on two more business partners (corporate  lawyer Ed Werner  and Chriss brother John Haney) starting in 1979 and formed the Horn Abbot company. They raised their initial funding by selling five shares in the company for as little as $1,000. An 18-year-old artist named Michael Wurstlin agreed to create the final artwork for Trivial Pursuit in exchange for his five shares. Launching the Game On November 10, 1981, Trivial Pursuit was trademark registered. That same month, 1,100 copies of Trivial Pursuit were first distributed in Canada. The first copies of Trivial Pursuit were sold at a loss as the manufacturing costs for the first copies came to 75 dollars per game and the game was sold to retailers for 15 dollars. Trivial Pursuit was licensed to Selchow and Righter, a major U.S. game manufacturer and distributor in 1983. The manufacturers financed what would be a successful public relations effort, and Trivial Pursuit became a household name. In 1984, they sold a record 20 million games in the United States, and retail sales reached nearly 800 million dollars. Long-Term Success The rights to the game were licensed to Parker Brothers in 1988 before Hasbro bought the rights in 2008. Reportedly, the first 32 investors were able to live comfortably on the annual royalties for life. However, Haney died at age 59 in 2010 after a long illness. Abbott went on to own a hockey team in the Ontario Hockey League and was inducted into the Brampton Sports Hall of Fame in 2005. He also owns a horse racing stable. The game survived at least two lawsuits. One lawsuit was from a trivia book author whose charged violation of copyright. However, the court ruled that facts are not protected by copyright. Another suit was brought by a man who alleged that he gave the idea to Haney when the inventor picked him up while he was hitchhiking. In December 1993, Trivial Pursuit was named to the Games Hall of Fame by Games Magazine. By 2014,  more than 50 special editions of Trivial Pursuit had been released. Players can test their knowledge on everything from Lord of the Rings to Country Music. Trivial Pursuit is sold in at least 26 countries and 17 languages. It has been produced in home video game editions, an arcade game, an online version and launched as a television game show in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Spain.

The Benefits of Chocolate Essay - 1042 Words

Chocolate There is nothing any better than a good piece of chocolate. Its rich, its creamy, its smooth, and it makes us feel so-o-o-o good for a few moments of course, that is; until the guilt of the calories kick in. Chocolate happens to be one of my favorite sweets. The wonderful creamy milk chocolate, bittersweet chocolate, white chocolate, or even my personal favorite a silky dark chocolate, the choices are hard. I sat down this weekend to really think about, and compare the differences. I compared my two favorite types of chocolate, milk chocolate, and dark chocolate. Milk chocolate is usually paired with nuggets, nuts, creams or caramels, but the dark chocolate is best with a wine such as a Muscat Canelli. Either makes a†¦show more content†¦Now is the time to get over the guilt of eating chocolate because of the calories. Science has found that there are some good reasons to eat and enjoy good pieces of chocolate. They have findings to prove that it acts as an antioxidant becau se of the flavonoids, lowering blood pressure, in turn benefiting the heart (WebMD). Let me give you a few reasons beyond that. Milk chocolate and dark chocolate taste good. They both stimulate endorphins, the pleasure feelings. They both have a type of serotonin, a form of anti-depressant. Both milk chocolate and dark chocolate are stimulants; that is because of the theobromine found in caffeine. The theobromine in chocolate is released at a slower rate than caffeine, so the effects are longer and slower, without the rush or jittery effects that coffee can have. Even parts of the fats in chocolate are converted into mono-unsaturated fats, thanks to the liver. Now these finding have proven that the milk chocolate is not as powerful with all these benefits as the dark chocolate is, but they are still there. Also the milk chocolates are of course higher in the calories, because of the fats from the sugar, and cream that are used to produce milk chocolate (RealAge.com). The actual flavor compounds found in dark chocolate exceed those of red wine, and detecting all these notes can be an extremely fun and educational endeavor (Chocolateusa.org). To start the process of truly enjoying darkShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of A Chocolate Bar1351 Words   |  6 Pageswaiting for you, chocolate. There’s dozens of different types of chocolate bars that are there for your choosing. From Hershey’s, to MM’s and even mixed peanut butter chocolate treats. All of these chocolates are even conveniently low priced for your affordability, after all its only chocolate. The thing most people don’t know is that this chocolate isn’t just produced in some factory in America and shipped to your local grocery store. America alone consumes 2.8 billion pounds of chocolate a year. FarmingRead MoreThe Health Benefits Of Chocolate1266 Words   |  6 PagesHealth Benefits of Chocolate Chocolate is a favorite treat that has a long history and sometimes is a guilty pleasure. There is, however, ongoing research that aims at establishing the possible health benefits that can be associated with chocolate. Although there is no familiar advice from a doctor that says â€Å"Eat two chocolates and call me in the morning,† studies have shown health benefits that can be attributed to the antioxidants in chocolate. The main antioxidants in chocolate areRead MoreBenefit Of Chocolate Essay1503 Words   |  7 Pages The Health Benefits of Chocolate Everyone seems to love chocolate, and it is one of the most purchased treats on Valentine’s Day for friends, family, husbands and wives. When people are stressed, or feel like they need a comfort food, chocolate is one of the first things that comes to mind, and is reached to soothe a troubled emotional heart. In the past, chocolate has been considered to be a ‘sweet junk food’ that is high in sugar and calories with no nutritional value.Read MoreThe Beauty Benefits Of Dark Chocolate1631 Words   |  7 PagesCurt Duffy English 101 10 Dec 2015 The beauty benefits of dark chocolate It is a well-known fact that chocolate has become one of the most popular food types and flavors nowadays. However, many people tend to forget its origin. Generally, chocolate is made from cacao beans harvested from cacao trees in Central and South America together with parts of Asia. The beans are then roasted and crushed into a paste. There is a variety of ways to use chocolate. Cocoa butter, which is used in cosmetics andRead MoreThe Benefits Of The Cacao Plant Into Chocolate1513 Words   |  7 PagesChocolate. It is an American necessity. 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The location is highly-suitable in terms of labour availability and market proximity thus reducing transportation costs. The business descriptionRead MoreEssay on Chocolate is Good for You!670 Words   |  3 PagesChocolate is Good for You! Did you know that getting a daily dose of dark chocolate may be beneficial to your health? Not only is chocolate the perfect gift for your sweetie on Valentine’s Day, it also may benefit your heart. The ingredients in chocolate are not only delicious, but dark chocolate and cocoa powders also contain disease-fighting antioxidants. The key to gaining the most benefits from dark chocolate is to enjoy it in moderation. According to cnn.com (2000), in addition toRead MoreDark Chocolate1516 Words   |  7 PagesWhy is Dark Chocolate Healthy?: Chocolate is made from plants, which means it contains many of the health benefits of dark vegetables. These benefits are from flavonoids, which act as antioxidants. Antioxidants protect the body from aging caused by free radicals, which can cause damage that leads to heart disease. Dark chocolate contains a large number of antioxidants (nearly 8 times the number found in strawberries). Flavonoids also help relax blood pressure through the production of nitric oxideRead MoreHow Chocolate Is A Complex And Interesting Food1514 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many aspects that make chocolate such a complex and interesting food. Its amazing history, how its processed, the different kinds of chocolate, remarkable health benefits, and even its influence as an aphrodisiac are some of its attractive features. The first evidence we have of the cacao bean being processed to form an altered state of the chocolate we know today dates all the way back to the Mayan era. 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Energy Crisi in Pakistan Free Essays

string(66) " most vital instrument of socioeconomic development of a country\." Tarbela’s 4th extension project to add 1410 MW Posted by  admin  on August 22, 2011  in  PkToday  |  0 Comment ISLAMABAD (APP) – The total generation capacity of the Tarbela Hydropower Station will touch 4,888 megawatt mark with the addition of 1,410 MW as a result of 4th extension project. Official sources told APP on Sunday that the detailed engineering design, tender documents and PC-1 of the Tarbela 4th Extension Project were in active progress and would be completed by next month and would cost $5. 5 million provided by the World Bank. We will write a custom essay sample on Energy Crisi in Pakistan or any similar topic only for you Order Now M/S Mott MacDonald (UK) was hired for the detailed engineering design of the project. The sources said that the project would take four years after award of the contract. They said the project would not only generate additional 1410 MW cheap hydel power but also save foreign exchange of $ 900 million spent on import of one million tons of furnace oil annually for equivalent generation of electricity from thermal resources. The World Bank has also shown interest in financing civil works and generating units of the project during the construction, they said. The project will also provide a cushion to undertake rehabilitation and up-gradation of the existing Tarbela Power House during the lean period. It is pertinent to mention that Tarbela`s 4th Extension Project is a part of least-cost energy generation plan, being implemented by WAPDA (Water and Power Development Authority) on priority to harness indigenous hydropower resources of the country with a view to improving the ratio of hydel electricity in the national grid. 50 MW coal power plant being installed in SIE Posted by  admin  on September 23, 2011  in  PkToday  |  1 Comment Punjab Industrial Estates (PIE) has completed initial work to install the first ever 50 megawatt (MW) coal power generation plant in Sundar Industrial Estate (SIE) in Lahore while process of getting license from NEPRA is underway. For this purpose, the Board of Director of PIE has established a power committee under PIE, which will look after this and other power related projects of industrial estates of Punjab. You can read also Thin Film Solar Cell Chairman of PIE, SM Tanveer in a briefing to Lahore Economic Journalist Association on Thursday said extension work of 132 KVA grid station of PIE was also underway to add additional 34 megawatt in the industrial estate system to ensure uninterrupted availability of power to the industries of the SIE. Meanwhile, PIE has also started Industrial Estate development work in Bahlwal and Rahim Yar Khan with its own resources, he said adding that planning and development of ten other industrial estates in the province was also underway. He said these industrial estates would be established in Kasur Tannery Park, Gujrat, Vehari, Bahawalpur, D G Khan, Wazirabad Cutlery Cluster, Jhang, Okara, Sahiwal and Rawalpindi. He said PIE was working under the vision of Punjab Chief Minister Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif to make the Punjab an industrial hub in the country with all modern facilities. He said a 100-acre Halal Park would also be established in Rahim Yar Khan and Multan Industrial Estates to promote the Halal products of Pakistan and get its share from world Halal food market. He said PIEDMC made the public private partnership concept successful and completing its project without support of any government institution. He said the Punjab government had given Rs 1 billion only at the time the PIEDMC was established—and now the company is worth around Rs 15 billion. Talking about the financials of the company, S M Tanveer said that PIE BoD approved 2005 to 2008 accounts while international repute Internal and External Auditors was appointed for self-accountability of the PIEDMC. He said SIE is a state-of-the-art industrial estate in Pakistan where all utilities and concerned departments offices including SNGPL, EOBI and Social Security were established. He said as the result of the present management of the PIE, the Punjab government had abolished capital value tax. He said the master plan of Bahlwal Industrial Estate was completed and litigations in Multan Industrial Estate were finished so that work on Phase-II of this estate could be started. PIEDMC is under process of developing Rahim Yar Khan, Bhalwal, Multan Phase II and Vehari industrial estates and total available land is 1590 acres whereas the sellable land is 1,094 acres—approx 70% of the total land. Whereas the remaining 30% will be used for horticulture and infrastructure development. Chairman of PIE informed it is worth mentioning that through industrialisation of these industrial estates â€Å"we will generate 192,000 jobs. † He further explained the total contribution in the GDP of the country would be approx Rs 17 billion. OUTLINE: 1. Introduction . Pakistan’s Energy Sector 2. 1 Energy Supply 2. 2 Energy Consumption 3. Sources of Energy in Pakistan 3. 1 Non-renewable resources (Fossil fuels) a). Petroleum products b). Natural Gas c). Coal 3. 2 Renewable Resources a). Hydro power o Current Hydropower stations o Potential Hydropower stations 3. 3 Alternative Energy Sources a). Wind b). Solar c). Agricultural biomass /biodiesel d). Tidal 3. 4 Nuclear 4. Causes of Energy Crisis 4. 1 Growing Energy Demand 4. 2 Lack of proactive and integrated planning for production of energy 4. 3 Imbalanced energy mix 4. Non-utilization of enormous indigenous energy resources   a). Thar Coal b). Hydal power generation 5. Consequences of Energy Crisis 5. 1 Economic Factors 5. 2 Agriculture Sector 5. 3 Industrial Sector 5. 4 Unemployment 5. 5 Social Issues 5. 6 Poverty 6. Conclusion 7. Recommendation/Solutions of Energy Crisis 7. 1 Judicious energy use/saving unecessary energy usage o electricity saving devices o Awareness campaign for energy saving o Reduction in unnecessary transportations o Installation of effective equipment/energy efficient in industries o Decreasing line/transmission losses . 2 Developing new energy resources o Tapping indigenous resources o Using renewable resources (water) by constructing new dams and hydro power plants   o Import of natural gas o Utilizing alternative energy resources Wind power Biodiesel /Bi omass Solar Tidal o Enhancing civilian nuclear capacity 1. Introduction : Energy is considered to be life line of any economy and most vital instrument of socioeconomic development of a country. You read "Energy Crisi in Pakistan" in category "Papers" Energy is pivotal in running machinery in factories and industrial units, for lighting our cities and powering our vehicles etc. There has been an enormous increase in the demand of energy as a result of industrial development and population growth, in comparison to enhancement in energy production. Supply of energy is, therefore, far less than the actual demand, resultantly crisis has emerged. An energy crisis can be defined as any great bottleneck (or price rise) in the supply of energy resources to an economy. 2. Pakistan’s Energy Sector: Pakistan’s energy infrastructure is not well developed, rather it is considered to be underdeveloped and poorly managed. Currently the country is facing severe energy crisis. Despite of strong economic growth and rising energy demand during past decade, no serious efforts have been made to install new capacity of generation. Moreover, rapid demand growth, transmission losses due to outdated infrastructure, power theft, and seasonal reductions in the availability of hydropower have worsened the situation. Consequently, the demand exceeds supply and hence load-shedding is a common phenomenon through power shutdown. 2. 1 Energy Supply : During 2009-10, Energy supply and per capita availability of energy witnessed a decline of 0. 64 % and 3. 09 % respectively in comparison to previous year. Pakistan needs around 15,000 to 20000 MW electricity per day, however, currently it is able to produce about 11,500 MW per day hence there is a shortfall of about 4000 to 9000 MW per day. This shortage is badly hampering the economic growth of the country. 2. 2 Energy Consumption : Pakistan’s energy consumption is met by mix of gas, oil, electricity, coal and LPG sources with different level of shares. Share of gas consumption stood at 43. 7 %, followed by oil 29. 0 percent, electricity 15. 3 percent, coal 10. 4 percent and LPG 1. 5 percent. 3. Sources of Energy in Pakistan: 3. 1 Non-renewable resources (Fossil fuels):  [Limited – Expensive] Non renewable resources are primarily fossil fuels emanating from remains/decomposition of animals and plants deposited deep into the earth crust and converted into oil and gas. These resources cannot be replenished. There are three main types of fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). a). Petroleum products: In 2009-10, consumption of petroleum products was 29% of total share of energy. Majority of crude oil is imported from gulf countries to meet the demand. Power, industry and transport sectors consume higher quantity of petroleum followed by agriculture and house holds. Petroleum is also used in generation of electricity, which counts 64 percent of total electricity generation (34 coming from hydro generation). Balance recoverable reserves of crude oil in country have been estimated at 303. 63 million barrels and we are extracting approximately 24 million crude oil annually, meaning if we do not explore new wells, we will exhaust our current crude oil reserves in 12-13 years. b). Natural Gas: Importance of natural gas is increasing rapidly. Average production of natural gas is 4,048. 76 million cubic feet per day as against 3,986. 53 million during corresponding last year, showing an increase of 1. 6 percent. Natural gas is used in general industry to prepare consumer items, to produce cement, for manufacturing fertilizers and to generate electricity. In form of CNG, it is used in transport sector. Share of natural gas in energy consumption is 43. 7 percent. Due to price differential between CNG and Petrol, vehicles are using converted to CNG and ap proximately 2. 0 million vehicles are using CNG and currently Pakistan is the largest CNG user country in the world. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) contributes around 0. 7 percent to total energy supply in country and is being imported to stop deforestation in hilly areas. ). Coal: Pakistan has coal reserves estimated at over 185 billion tonnes, including 175 billion tonnes identified at Thar coalfields. Coal is primarily being used in brick kiln and cement industries and approximately 67 percent coal is imported because indigenous coal is not considered of good quality. Guddu plant is largest plant thermal operated plant with a capacity of 1,650 MW, while two largest Independent Power Plants (IPPs) in Pakistan are Kot Addu (1,600 MW) and Hubb River (1,300 MW). 3. 2 Renewable Resources : (Unlimited – sustainable – clean) Renewable energy resources are those, which are naturally replenished and comes from resources such as water, sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat. a). Hydro power: Hydro power is generated by using electricity generators to extract energy from moving water. Pakistan is having rich resource of energy in hydal power, however, only 34 % of total electricity generation is coming from hydro power. Currently we are having 6555 MW against the potential of 41000 to 45000 MW. Current Hydropower stations: Tarbella Dam : 3,478 MW Ghazi Brotha: 1450 MW Mangla 1,000 MW Warsak 240 MW Chashma 184 MW Potential Hydropower stations: Diamer-Bhasha Dam 4500 MW Munda Dam – Swat river in Mohamand Agency 740 MW Kalabagh Dam 2400-3600 MW Bunji Dam 5400 MW Dasu Dam 3800 MW 3. 3 Alternative Sources of Energy  : a). Wind: Wind power harnesses the power of the wind to propel the blades of wind turbines. These turbines cause the rotation of magnets, which creates electricity. Though Pakistan has potentials of wind energy ranging from 10000 MW to 50000 MW, yet power generation through wind is in initial stages in Pakistan and currently 06 MW has been installed in first phase in Jhampir through a Turkish company and 50 MW will be installed shortly. More wind power plants will be built in Jhampir, Gharo, Keti Bandar and Bin Qasim Karachi. b). Solar : Solar power involves using solar cells to convert sunlight into electricity, using sunlight hitting solar thermal panels to convert sunlight to heat water or air. Pakistan has potential of more than 100,000 MW from solar energy. Building of solar power plants is underway in Kashmir, Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan. However, private vendors are importing panels / solar water heaters for consumption in the market. Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) is working for 20,000 solar water heaters in Gilgit Baltistan. Mobile companies have been asked by the government to shift supply of energy to their transmission towers from petroleum to solar energy panels. c). Agricultural biomass /biodiesel : Biomass production involves using garbage or other renewable resources such as sugarcane, corn or other vegetation to generate electricity. When garbage decomposes, methane is produced and captured in pipes and later burned to produce electricity. Vegetation and wood can be burned directly to generate energy, like fossil fuels, or processed to form alcohols. Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy programs from biomass/biodiesel in the world, followed by USA. Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) of Pakistan has planned to generate 10 MW of electricity from municipal waste in Karachi followed by similar projects in twenty cities of country. d). Tidal: Tidal power can be extracted from Moon-gravity-powered tides by locating a water turbine in a tidal current. The turbine can turn an electrical generator, or a gas compressor, that can then store energy until needed. Coastal tides are a source of clean, free, renewable, and sustainable energy. Plans are underway in Pakistan to harness tidal energy, however, no implementation has been made so far. 3. 4 Nuclear: Nuclear power stations use nuclear fission reaction to generate energy by the reaction of uranium inside a nuclear reactor. Pakistan has a small nuclear power program, with 425 MW capacity, but there are plans to increase this capacity substantially. Since Pakistan is outside the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, it is excluded from trade in nuclear plant or materials, which hinders its development of civil nuclear energy. Remaining issues in development of nuclear energy are enricment of uranium from U235 to U238, controlling chain reaction and dumping of solid waste. Pakistan Nuclear Power Reactors Reactor Type MW Construction started Commercial operation Karachi PHWR 125 1966 1972 Chashma 1 PWR 300 1993 2000 Chashma 2 PWR 300 2005 expected 2011 Total 425 MW * Pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR) – Canadian based reactors   ** Pressurized water reactor (PWR) – Chinese based reactors 4. Causes of Energy Crisis  : Pakistan’s energy crisis traces its roots to following distinct causes : * Growing Energy Demand over the years there is greater need of energy because of; †¢ increase in population, †¢ enhancement in lifestyle †¢ industrial and agricultural growth †¢ greater transportation needs * Lack of proactive and integrated planning for production of energy: Pakistan has had wider potentials to tap energy, however, due to lack of any integrated/proactive p lanning, very less number of power producing plant were installed to meet futuristic demands. Resultantly, over the years, the gap between energy demand and supply drastically grew and now against demand of 20000 MW, we are having around 11500 MW. Imbalanced energy energy mix Energy mix in Pakistan is quite imbalance in comparison to other countries, with greater reliance on non-renewable resources of gas (43. 7 %) and oil (29 % – majority of which is imported). Prices of petroleum products/crude oil fluctuate and in current Afro-Arab political crisis, the oil prices are likely to increase manifold affecting oil prices in Pakistan. A rational energy mix planning ought to be developed giving greater dependency to renewable (hydel power), indigenous (coal) and alternative energy resources (wind and solar energy). Nuclear energy can   * Non-utilization of enormous indigenous energy resources: o Thar Coal: Pakistan is having one of the largest coal fields in Thar, having reserves of more than 175 billion tones, which exceeds equivalent oil reserves of Saudi Arabia, Iran etc. In addition to power generation, this coal can be used for chemical and fertilizer production. Moreover, employment provided to workforce can be instrumental in increasing GDP and economic prosperity to many families. o Hydal power generation : Pakistan has potential of hydro resources to generate 41000 to 45000 MW, however, only 6555 MW is currently being generated by this important renewable resource. Four large hydro power dams namely Kalabagh 3600 MW, Bhasha 4500 MW, Bunji 5400 MW and Dasu 3800 MW can be constructed to generate hydro electricity. Similarly, many small to medium hydro plants can be installed on rivers and canals etc. 5. Consequences of Energy Crisis : i). Economic Factors: Energy is pivotal for running all other resources and crisis of energy directly influences all other sectors of the economy. The economic progress is hampered by decline in agricultural productivity as well as by halting in operations of industries. One important factor of lower GDP and inflation of commodity prices in recent years is attributed to shortfalls in energy supply. ii). Agriculture Sector: Agricultural productivity of Pakistan is decreasing due to provision of energy for running tube wells, agricultural machinery and production of fertilizers and pesticides. Thus higher energy means higher agricultural productivity. iii). Industrial Sector: Nearly all Industrial units are run with the energy and breakage in energy supply is having dire consequences on industrial growth. As a result of decline in energy supply, industrial units are not only being opened, but also the existing industrial units are gradually closing. iv). Unemployment: By closure of industrial units and less agricultural productivity, new employment opportunities ceased to exist and already employed manpower is shredded by the employers to increase their profit ratios. Thus energy crisis contributes towards unemployment. v). Social Issues: This factor is primarily related to the domestic usage of energy (cooking, heating and water provision). Load shedding cause unrest and frustration amongst the people and results in agitation against the government. vi). Poverty: Declination in economic growth, lower agricultural productivity, unemployment and shackling industrial growth result in increasing poverty. Currently, around forty percent of our population is living beyond poverty line and this ratio is increasing day by day. Ample control of energy crisis will surely yield in curbing the menace of poverty. 6. Conclusion: Energy Crisis has, more or less, plagued all sectors of Pakistan’s machinery ranging from economy to industry, agriculture to social life, inflation to poverty and it is hampering national progress in a drastic manner. Nonetheless, menace of energy crisis can be overwhelmed by government through making effective policies and its proactive implementation. Simultaneously, it is the responsibility of us, the people of Pakistan, to utilize the available energy astutely and wisely to play our due role for progress of the country. 7. Recomendations/Solutions of Energy Crisis  : Energy crisis can be curtailed by : ). Reducing unnecessary energy use: o Usage of electricity saving devices o Awareness campaign for energy saving o Reduction in unnecessary transportations by developing good public transport systems and strengthening Pakistan railways   o Reduction in industrial uses with installation of effective equipment/ energy efficient and with increasing efficiency of workforce (cost effective) o Decreasing reliance on rental power projects, because instead of doing any good, they are increasing prices of electricity. o Decreasing line losses by using efficient power transmission cables ii). Developing new energy resources : o Tapping indigenous resources (Thar coal) o Using renewable resources (water) by constructing new dams and hydro power plants   o Import of natural gas by IPI (Iran Pakistan India) and TAPI (Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India) pipelines   o Import of electricity from Tajikistan -through Pak Afghan Tajikistan transmission- and Iran (approximately 1000 MW from each of them) pipelines o Utilizing alternative energy resources : Wind power Biodiesel /Biomass Solar Tidal o Enhancing civilian nuclear capacity ENERGY CRISIS IN PAKISTAN Introduction Present scenario of crisis †¢ Demand supply gap †¢ Counter measures Reasons of energy crisis †¢ Unrealistic plans and improper implementation †¢ Failure of introducing new projects †¢ Underutilization of resources †¢ Circular debt †¢ International oil prices †¢ Provincial prejudices †¢ Water shortage †¢ Transmission losses †¢ Power wastage †¢ Theft of electric power †¢ Accelerating demand †¢ Minimal research/exploration Immediate efforts/goals †¢ RPPs †¢ Stabilizing industrial sector †¢ Limiting commercial supply hours Short term goals †¢ Reviving non functional power plants †¢ Revamping transmission system Thar coal project †¢ IPI gas pipeline project †¢ Alternate/renewable energy sources Long term goals †¢ Conforming foreign policy and energy needs †¢ New dams †¢ Transparency †¢ Efficient techniques and usage †¢ Measures against power theft Energy crisis in transportation sector †¢ Biofuels/synfuels †¢ Standard of public transport system Hurdles †¢ Lack of will and implementation †¢ Corruption and malpractices †¢ Trust deficit conclusion â€Å"It is evident that the fortune o f the world’s human populations, for better or for worse, are inextricably interrelated with the use that is made of energy resources. M. King Hubbert The nexus between economic prosperity and self sufficiency in energy has become essentially vital for Pakistan. Today the energy crisis looming before us is the culmination of a long list of governmental failures, malpractices along with inefficient ways of consumption and a perpetually fragile economy. The futility of apparent counter measures can be attributed to slow or non existent exploration and exploitation of new resources; outdated administrative and technical systems; lack of tactful diplomacy at international level, all requiring immediate attention. Presently, the demand-supply gap in the energy sector has reached one of its highest in the country. This gap subsequently produced huge shortage of power that has adversely affected the economy. The crippling economy was further damaged when many industrial units had to be shut down, rendering thousands jobless. Consequently, this on going chain of crises is accelerating inflation. The government has intended to counter it with Rental Power Plants (RPPs) like the previous IPPs and to ease the burden on common man the authorities claim to be providing continuous subsidies in the power sector. However, the constant trust deficit on the part of masses is not only due to the transparency issue of RPPs, it is majorly due to a constant increase in power failures and shortage, revealing an increase in the crisis instead of signs of recovery. If we take a look at the factors contributing to this enormous problem, the first and foremost one comes out to be the absence of any long term planning along with constant application of such plans. Sadly, the failures of previous governments to increase the supply of energy by new measures against the escalating demand are glaringly obvious. Small scale projects like the Ghazi barotha only put a temporary halt to the arriving crisis instead of nipping it in the bud. Secondly, the under utilization of available resources- especially hydroelectric one which can produce double the energy it is producing now- is another major setback. The government again fails or neglects to consider the shortages in winter and up-gradation of the hydroelectric and the thermal plants regularly. Thirdly, the ‘circular debt’ is like an invisible impediment subtly fuelling up the crisis. It is an inheritance of former subsidies which the government failed to pay to the power companies, who in turn could not pay the oil and gas companies for supplies. Add to this the fluctuating international oil prices and the failing economy_ the war against terrorism and decreasing Foreign Direct investment-worsened the problem and induced further power and imported oil shortage. Subsequently, the political heads had to turn their eyes back to hydroelectric power generation. But the projects like Kalabagh Dam became victims of narrow mindedness and provincial prejudices which led to failure of consensus of opinion. Had the Kalabagh Dam been built on time, we would not be confronted with this crisis today. Also the acute shortage of water; the curtailed supply in eastern rivers by India; major consumption and wastage of water in irrigation and the decreasing capacity of Mangela and Terbela Dams due to sedimentation render the hydroelectric power generation equally problematic as the thermal power generation. Of the chronic factors, the heavy line losses plus the old and poorly maintained transmission system is a grave administrative and technical failure of public sector power companies. These line losses are comparatively very low elsewhere in the world. Similarly, in the industrial and agricultural sectors which avail more than seventy percent of total power, the outdated techniques and malpractices of consumption waste more than a third of the consumed power. Moreover, the masses do not remain behind in adding to this loss. The theft of electricity, especially in urban areas has become a routine matter. Due to the decades old perception that this is a never ending crisis and no accountability whatsoever, people tend to use unfair means of obtaining electric power. Another reason is the unprecedented increase in demand of energy. It is due to the trend of enjoying luxurious life style in the past decade. This increased demand by the domestic section has greatly disturbed the usually articulated demand and consumption status. Last but not least, snail paced research, minimal exploitation of new energy reserves and exploration of new oil and gas field damages progress in the energy sector. Couple this with the never ending corruption and lack of implementation in government and power companies this crisis has become a consistent and self perpetuating one. Seen in this perspective, Pakistan not only needs immediate efforts to reduce the demand-supply gap but also some elaborate and well chalked out immediate, short and long term plans and efforts. Thankfully, some sections in the society are aware of the magnanimity of this dire problem. The RPPs are expected to start working soon and the subsidies in the energy sector are still cushioning at least a part of the blow. But the real issue is of determining priorities and extracting maximum results even from this bleak scenario. Keeping this in view, the first policy of the government should be to supply uninterrupted supply of power to the industrial units, small or big, especially in industrial cities like Faisalabad, Gujaranwala. Also the power supply should be continuous for small local businesses throughout the country. Even if it equates to the continuation of the domestic shortage for a while, at least half of the RPPs should be employed for the industrial section. In addition, there are some non-operating power stations in the country which only require a little investment and technical improvements to revive them. Such power units should be made effective to pull the economy out of complete doom. Secondly, the markets and shopping centers should be strictly enforced to close their business till 10 pm at night. This save power in different parts of each city can be diverted towards the domestic consumers by means of an effective administrative local system. The media and provincial governments would be of utmost importance in this strategy. The media specially, can acquire public support and educate masses in this regard. Resultantly, they will be able to remove the trust deficit between the government and the people. Coming on to the short term goals, the main focus should be on the revival of those dead power generation units in Sindh and Punjab which can be made functional again and the systematic up-gradation of thermal and hydroelectric plants. Resultantly, these projects will maintain the smooth flow of energy and will at least prevent any further widening in the demand-supply gap. Similarly, the replacement of transmission lines to reduce losses should fall under the auspices of the provincial governments and ministries with proper allocation of budget from the center. The replacement of expired transmission systems is long overdue. This process must be gradual and systematic to refrain from becoming a drain on the resources and it should be initiated from areas most severely hit by energy shortage. After curbing and curing the internal ills, the attention should be diverted to exploration of new fossil fuel reserves (natural gas). As the thermally generated accounts for the major share of power in Pakistan, it should be dealt with effectively. Contrary to the deficit of oil reserves, the coal reserves in Pakistan are the second largest in the world. But the delay in switching from indigenous energy sources to coal is due to the snail paced progress in the Thar Coal Project that is in collaboration with China. China’ rocketing economy has driven coal industry into a new era of efficient utilization. Pakistan should take heed from China’s example and should gain technical assistance from it. Both countries can collaborate in Gwadar and Thar to explore and exploit new gas and coal reserves. Coming on to the gas pipeline projects, the IRAN-PAKISTAN-INDIA (IPI) pipeline is most realistic plausible one presently. It is at an efficiently advanced stage of implementation but has fallen prey to the disagreement in pricing formulas and trust deficit between India and Pakistan. Both the thar coal and IPI project require tactful diplomatic maneuvering and improving ties with India. An agreement between the two countries on IPI will enhance the prospects of resolving the water issue as well. Another aspect of solving this problem is the utilization of alternate and renewable resources of energy. It has been adopted by many developing and developed countries of the country to avert this crisis, such as Brazil, India, U. S. , Holland etc. Pakistan however, lags far behind in this regard. Consequently, some NGOs and public communities have took initiative in harnessing the renewable resources of energy such as wind and solar power. Pakistan is ideally situated to make use of both these resources. Isolated cases of developing these modes of energy can be seen in the illages of Thar desert ( solar energy ) and in some areas of Thattha and Karachi ( wind energy ) but it still needs massive government support. Interestingly, the Alternate Energy Development Board (AEDB) of Pakistan has collected data of all areas in the country suitable for making use of these alternate sources of energy but initiative for utilization of these sources are absent. Pakistan can very efficiently m ake use of its long day light hours and wind power in the coastal region to produce power for upcoming years. Most important in the long term planning and goals must be to streamline the foreign policy of the country according to its economic and energy needs. Improving and increasing ties with future energy rich countries must not be neglected. As mentioned earlier, China can be a great asset in technical training and facilities. Similarly, bilateral relations with Russia, Central Asian, East African states needs to be strengthened. These countries are the new energy hubs of the world, and being mostly land locked (C. A. states) can make use of Gwadar port and in return assist Pakistan as well. Taking Provincial prejudices and politics into view, the matters which are indispensable for the survival of the country and economy should be kept above such strife. Building new dams, at least Kalabagh dam should be taken on without and delay. Transparency and clarity in the policies and implementation methods of government and public sector power companies is of paramount importance. Without checking corruption and applying stringent measures against malpractices, all well executed policies will ultimately become another drain for the economy. Moreover, educating the stakeholders and workers in the industrial and agricultural sectors on adoption of new and efficient practices of water and energy consumption will tend to reduce the wastage of energy. The theft of electricity must be considered and declared a heinous crime and any violations by domestic or industrial users should be liable to legal penalties and complete power cut off for such consumers. Taking a look at the energy crisis in the transportation sector, there is no doubt that fossil fuels are indeed depleting in the world and of reserves natural gas in Pakistan. To curb the hike in prices and supply shortage , research and exploration of new sites must be given impetus under the patronage of AEDB. Meanwhile, bio fuel ( alcohol or synthetic fuel ) can be produced quite easily in Pakistan. Raw materials for this fuel being wheat and other cereals are in ample supply in Pakistan. Alcohol can be easily prepared by fermentation of molasses and is already a proper local industry in the country it just needs to be diverted in the right course. Finally, the system and standard of public transport must be improved to discourage the trend of personal vehicles which leads to greater demands of fuel. Making policies has never been the plight of our government. It is the lack of implementation which keeps the wheel of crisis moving. Today our government not only needs to take initiatives and hard decisions it also needs to give a boost to the dying economy by providing unimpeded supply of power to industries. Secondly, corruption, misuse of funds, malpractices of energy consumption and wastage must b avoided and eradicated at all costs. Last but not least, the public trust and support is of utmost important. No policy can succeed if it doesn’t enjoy public support. Media can play an effective role in creating awareness and trust that it is actually a global crisis which can only be solved with help and conscious effort by every citizen. Conclusively, curbing the energy crisis requires transparent efforts at every level imaginable. The future policies and projects should be so oriented as to make Pakistan self sufficient in the energy sector. Self sufficiency in the energy sector will be the key to a flourishing economy, and a stable economy can serve as a device of curbing several interlinked adversities. The sooner we realize the gravity of this as a whole, the sooner we will emerge out of this crisis. How to cite Energy Crisi in Pakistan, Papers

True Religion †Social and Corporate Responsibilites Essay Sample free essay sample

Forbes Magazine listed True Religion Apparel. Inc. as # 79 on its list of America’s Best Small Companies. The company was founded by Jeffery Lubell in 2002 where he started out selling his high-quality American made jean merchandises out of a new wave in LA. The company now has expanded to six continents and self-praises and affecting 439 million dollars ( as of October 2012 ) . I believe that True Religion Apparel. Inc. is one of America’s best from an moralss and corporate societal duty because they genuinely mean concern in their Code of Conduct. Corporate Responsibility Code. and their company profile. They besides have a imitative merchandise ( s ) guidelines policy. True Religion’s Code of Conduct provinces specifically that unity. answerability. and just traffics are critical to its hereafter success. True Religion’s Code summarizes certain Torahs and ethical policies that apply to all of their employees. every bit good as their officers and managers. We will write a custom essay sample on True Religion – Social and Corporate Responsibilites Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They follow a â€Å"when in uncertainty. ask† guideline. True Religion has conformity officers named Peter Collins and Deborah Greaves that employees can use if they have any ethical or values concerns. The company states in its Code that they encourage unfastened and honorable treatments with these 2 conformity officers. I think that it truly shows that True Religion cares about their employees and their decision-making accomplishments by even holding the conformity officers available. Not many companies have these types of officers ; True Religion besides has a HR section every bit good. Per the Code of Conduct. there is a subdivision about Conformity with applicable Laws subdivision that states employees are to carry on themselves ( every bit good as their activities ) in an ethical mode. I think this shows that True Religion carefully selections quality employees with great unity. It shows that True Religion cares about the type of people they hire to stand for their company. The stating â€Å"you are who you hang out with† could use here. They seem proud of their employees. True Religion’s Code of Conduct besides has an Improper Gifts and Entertainment subdivision that states: Any gift ( s ) with-in any 12-month period. with a value of $ 50 or more that is received by anyone involved ( straight or indirectly ) with the company must be reported to the conformity officers. Again. I think this shows that the company genuinely cares about its employees ethical determinations. It besides shows that the company doesn’t want any client. trader. etc. to be taken advantage of. They non merely care about their employees. but they besides care about the consumer as a whole. True Religion’s Code of Conduct has an Accuracy of Company Records guidelines subdivision that states all information recorded or reported on the Company’s behalf must be done accurately and candidly. The guideline besides states that all Company records ( including histories and fiscal statements ) must be maintained in sensible and appropriate item. must be kept in a timely manner. and must suitably reflect the Company’s minutess. There is besides an anon. tip line that people can name if they become cognizant of any inaccuracies. disproofs. or skips in respects to the company’s concern records. This tip line is used when person isn’t comfy traveling to one of the company’s conformity officers. The anon. tip line is an independent 3rd party who evaluates the coverage person’s remarks and so they forward the information to the appropriate contact individual within True Religion Apparels. Inc. ’s direction. . I think it’s great that they give people two options for describing unethical behaviours. True Religion is evidently concerned about their employees being heard and about their employees comfortableness in being honest. It doesn’t seem like they â€Å"sweep things under the rug† like other companies I sometimes hear about. True Religion has a Corporate Responsibility Code that is similar to it’s Code of Conduct codification but it has some more information in it. I wanted to specifically indicate out that the companies Corporate Responsibility Code states that favoritism. forced labour. and child labour is prohibited. The company besides insists on just rewards and hours and safe and healthy working conditions every bit good as guidelines for minimising each Associate’s â€Å"environmental footmark. † I think this says a ton about the company as a whole. True Religion operates in Africa. Asia. Australia. Europe. the Middle East. and South and North America. For the company to implement these policies. it says a batch. I’m certain that a batch of work goes into doing certain these guidelines are being followed. The money and adult male hours they put into caring about just on the job conditions and the environment truly impresses me. The Code besides states that they do unher alded third party audits to guarantee their Code is being followed. . In some instances. the company may end its concern with any associate that has violated their Code. Again. that is two stairss they have in topographic point to accomplish success of their Codes. True Religion goes above and beyond to demo that they truly province behind their Codes. True Religion’s Code includes and Act. Specifically. the 2012 California Transparency in Supply Chain Act. This act requires certain retail Sellerss and makers to portion their attempts to acquire rid of bondage and human trafficking from their direct supply ironss. This act provides consumers with the agencies to find which companies have an active and societal duty plan so that they can do a painstaking buying determination ( s ) . This act that True Religion has â€Å"adopted† as portion of their Code has many other parts every bit good as audits. answerability. unity. and preparations. I wanted to decidedly indicate out this act because it shows that True Religion. Inc. is committed to their societal duties as good. In shutting. True Religion’s policies. codifications. and used Acts of the Apostless decidedly show that this is a company who is committed to moralss and societal duty.

Effective Test Taking Strategies For Students

Strategies For Test Success Collegians might feel terrible when instructors test their performance but it is necessary. For years, students get challenged through different means during their education. The reason many students manage to pass exams is they know test taking strategies. Yet some have the gall to rest or procrastinate. Individuals with high marks are not immediately cheaters because they pass exams. They might be strategic when it comes to studying. Likewise, its possible that they do things that are favorable when they are not in school. If a person can always prepare well for exam day, he or she can relax and spend time doing something else. What are Some Test Taking Tips To Ensure You are Ready and Feel Good? Its a fact that cramming usually results in failing tests. Because of it, a mental block may occur, and an individual may forget important things. By preparing to succeed, you can increase the chances of achieving better grades. To be ready, take action before, during and after the exams using some test taking tips. Why and How To Prepare Before exam day? Planning means working to become ready. Readiness can allow you to be calm during challenging situations. Having a clear mind can help with seeing, understanding, and responding to tasks. Though getting everything set is time-consuming, its worth it. To gear yourself up, there ought to be advanced studying. Skim through the books and reviews a lot to comprehend and memorize concepts ahead. Continue doing this weeks or days before taking an exam to have more time to rest, study, and enjoy. Make a crib sheet to have something to use before going to class. It will be easy for you to review the notes. You could use mnemonics and acrostics. It might be helpful to have shortcut words for lengthy ideas too. Practicing answering questions can help a lot. It might let you have a glimpse of the stress during test taking and cope better in the future. Moreover, testing yourself can aid in developing more strategies for test success. What To Do During An Exam? First of all, keep study notes and take out all the essential materials for test-taking. If permitted, have a water bottle nearby for hydration. Know that cheating in college is not an option. Relaxing is important. Do breathing exercises as needed. When youre at ease, you can avoid test anxiety. But it doesnt mean that being overconfident is acceptable. Achieving calmness is enough. It is important to be careful when reading the instructions. Flip the pages of a test booklet to also get an idea of what obstacles there are to overcome. Estimate how long it would take to finish the exam sections and plan on which areas to take on first. Use all the exam strategies that you know. After answering questions and fulfilling other requirements, it is vital to review your answer sheet. Be mindful of the time while reviewing. What To Do After the Exam? Whether the next exams are coming or not, you ought to rest after a quiz. Preservation of health is important, and there is no sense in pressuring yourself too much. Seeking reward for doing hard work is normal and encouraging. By giving yourself a prize, you can program the brain to do better by making an effort. Hours after taking a quiz, you may study again. If possible, it would be ideal to get some sleep first and then pursue studying later. Besides devoting time to nutrition, hygiene, and socialization are crucial too. Once rested, recall what happened during the quiz and develop your own tips for testing too. What are Effective Test Taking Strategies for Various Exams? Professors challenge students with a variety of assignments. But you don’t have to be a genius to pass serious quizzes that you can face to after choosing the university. By using testing tips, you might choose correct answers by luck, knowledge, and skills. How to Handle Multiple Choice Questions? Knowing how to answer should be first on the list. It pays to know whether to encircle or blacken letters or numbers before proceeding. Not following the instructions can also cost you points or even making you fail the entire quiz. Reading a question can clarify things. It is imperative you understand the context before doing anything else. Get rid of the choices that you know are incorrect. In taking a test with options to choose from, the elimination process is helpful. Tips for Answering Standardized Tests? Take a note of the instructions before proceeding to mark the answers. Be keen on the details. In fact, check if a questionnaire has issues too. After all, because of the misprints, troubles may arise. Scan everything before beginning to answer. Know the sections in a test. A regulated exam might be simple as well as complicated with different styles of testing. They are comprehensive, and it’s crucial to estimate how long it will take to finish. Experts say that going for the easiest items is beneficial. This technique can reduce the time required to complete everything. In addition, there will be more time to dwell on hard sections after completing the easiest ones. How to Approach True-False Questions? Items that demand true or false as the answers are tricky and need careful reading. Often the length alone can dictate its truthfulness. Moreover, it would be easy to dissect a sentence into parts. Budgeting time is important when responding to these quiz items. They often take a while to respond to because they need a thorough analysis. For this, count how many questions there are, and then proceed by taking them one at a time. There are certain words that may confuse and cause stress during test taking. To avoid confusion, it would be ideal to spot qualifiers and negatives right away. They may affect the statements and confirm or disapprove falsity. Before making a decision to answer, one should know the entire meaning of a sentence. Some Effective Test Taking Strategies for Opinion-based (Subjective) Tests? An examiner will most likely give high grades only to students who can respond well. This means giving an opinion about something with supporting ideas. In fact, solid information for backing is essential as it can strengthen an argument when you get right down to it. When writing an article to reply to a query, organize thoughts to build paragraphs well. A write-up should have three sections, which are the introduction, body, and ending. This is one of the test strategies that can make completion fast. Before submitting, it would aid to correct any spelling and punctuation errors. In addition, make sure that all your sentences make sense too. Testers consider these things during evaluation so it pays to be thorough. How to Finish Essay Exams Well? Teachers almost always expect a well-written essay from their class. Also, contacting an academic writing service isnt an option for a test you attend. But the reality shouldnt overpower you. Bear in mind that test anxiety can only cause troubles. Taking note of the instructions and staying confident is much more productive. Before writing an essay, planning is necessary. It would be favorable to plan on how to begin and work on reaching the end result. Work on creating the beginning, main body, and conclusion. But incorporate evidence to support the three sections, which is one of the most successful essay writing and test taking skills. Having a structure in mind can guide you into producing a fine write-up. Dont take too long to compose the entire essay and check for grammar issues. Find mistakes and correct them. Pause if you need to and take deep breaths to recover and keep your mind and body going. There are many exams as well as a great variety of techniques to overcome them. Yet, to ending up doing great when quizzed, effort is necessary. Even the examiners say that successful testing involves strategic planning and implementation. In anticipation of a test, preparation is a must. In addition, there are various plans for handling different exam styles. Objective and subjective tests might take some time to complete. Having the right responses is challenging as well. But be careful by paying attention to all the details can boost the likelihood of success. Therefore, come up with numerous test taking strategies for students. Through these tips, you can have a better college life by having peace of mind and more time to enjoy in general.

Life of a Rich Man essays

Life of a Rich Man essays Christmas is my favorite time of the year. This is when I walk around practicaly eating my way through the day. There is food everywhere and people are so cheery and daydreamers that they do not stop and look at the pretty, washed dogs to feed, over the older one who has not had a bath in too many dog years to count. I do not so much worry about being warm. As long as I have food, I forget about being cold. But then again, who am I to complain? Dogs are always warm. We were made to love outside. Humans do not have this kind of specia treatment. But then again, humans can complain! I remember when I was just a little pup and this little red-head girl with the biggest rosy cheecks took me in. Her bright blue eyes lit up so much when she brought me in front of her parents. Her mother almost had a heart atack; she started screaming and shrieking. The father was more understanding. He nicely told her to get the little ugly pup out of his face. Well, for the 20 minutes she hid me under the bed, and the two it took her parents to get me out, I never heard so many complaints. The people had absolutely everything in front of them at the snap of a finger and nothing was good enough. Maybe all these observations in life taught me that Nicolae is the best man a dog can ask for a master. He literally walks through life and it's like he takes everything within his body at the touch of a finger. This man simply stares at everything and finds not one thing wrong with this inperfect world. That is why I picked him. He is such a happy man. At only 48 years old, you imagine one would have a family or at least if he did not, he would talk about what a waste this life has been and how everything is so wrong left and right. Happiness has not always been his first priority like that, though. It was such a sad day. The clouds were beautiful and the sun was so bright, I could barely keep my eyes o...

Essence of Corporate Social Responsibility and CSR Coursework

Essence of Corporate Social Responsibility and CSR - Coursework Example CSR can be defined a commitment made by a company towards the stakeholder to operate in an environmentally, socially and economically sustainable fashion. CSR seeks to integrate workplace culture, communities and human rights to business strategies. In the initial days the many used to treat CSR as arm chair philanthropy, however things have changed drastically. It is treated as an integral part of the overall business strategy. In order to discuss the focal points related to CSR two companies have chosen in the form of Philip Morris and Starbucks. Philip Morris is one of largest tobacco companies. It includes seven leading international brands that include Marlboro, the top most cigarette brand in the world. Starbucks one the other hand is a global coffee chain. They are based on Seattle, Washington. It is also the largest coffeehouse company. It has over twenty thousand stores and operates in over sixty countries. Starbucks shops provide a wide range of products including hot and c old coffee, pastries, snacks, etc. As it can be seen that two companies with distinct product mix and different business model has been chose. The main objective of such choice is to demonstrate the importance and benefits of CSR across various industries. Add to it must be mentioned that as per research the key focal points of CSR activities of both the companies happens to be same, at least to some extent; such as investment in foundations and communities, waste reduction, energy conservation, recycling etc. Here it is needless to say that CSR for Philip Morris is supposed to be a bit trickier as compared of Starbucks keeping the product line in mind (Urip, p. 13). Potential Benefits and Importance of CSR CSR should not be looked upon a leakage of resources. If implemented properly CSR policies can provide an array of benefits such as increase the level of customer retention, enhances relationship with customers, suppliers, stakeholders and other channel partners, differentiates t he company from that of the competitors, improves reputation, generates positive publicity and even helps the companies to get new business. This segement will be of great help to understand how CSR activities benefits Starbucks and Philip Morris to maintain better relationship with the stake holders. Stakeholders include employees, business partners, investors, local communities as well customers. It will also be helpful to analyze the alignment of CSR with the corpora objectives. It will reflect the importance of CSR keeping the overall corporate strategy in mind. Corporate objective can be defined as a realistic objective set by the company that influences key strategic decisions (Heal, p.132). Starbucks views CSR as an opportunity to give something back to the community. As a matter of fact it runs down deep to the company roots. For Starbucks CSR is an approach to fulfill the commitments made to the origins, environment, communities, and partners. Some of the approaches include investments to benefit coffee producers and their families; promoting the concept of recycling, conservation of coffee growing countries; having in store green teams. More than one billion people work at Starbucks. They are not treated as employees; rather they are treated as partners. As a matter of fact the mission statement of the company talks about the commitment to partners. As mentioned before CSR activities for Philip Morris are supposed to be a bit trickier as compared to the other. However the CSR activities of the company are nothing short of impressive. The company actively invests in art

History of Sports in Germany Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

History of Sports in Germany - Research Paper Example It is headed by the German Football Federation, which was founded back in year 1900 in Leipzig. It was made up of representatives of 86 German clubs and Dr. F. Hueppe was elected as the pioneer chairman to this football association. Moments after it was created, football rose in popularity in Germany and to this there was the 1903 German Cup as well as the 1908’s national games. However, after the WWII, subsequent to the annexing of Austria by Hitler, the football association’s leadership was taken over by the officials of the Nazi Party. Following the period of the WWII, the German Football National Team was barred from taking part in the international competitions. This ban lasted, until its 1949’s lifting just prior the founding of the First Republic of Germany. In year 1963, there was the forming of the Bundesliga and its first match was played in August of 1963. The German Football National Team continued gaining ground in terms of popularity as well. As per 2011 the Football Association of Germany was composed of 26,000 clubs, about 170,000 teams and well above 2 million players taking part in football actively. Notable is the fact that it is one of the biggest football associations in the globe. (oleole.com, 2011) Soccer is popular in the US but not as it is in Germany. For instance; as Getchell puts it, German soccer is more advanced while compared to that of the US. Germany is said to play a more coordinated and smoother soccer as Hirte puts it in this article by Getchell. The US soccer has not borrowed much from the German soccer, but it has a lot to borrow if need be. (Getchell, 2008) The setting in of basketball in Germany was from around the 1950s. Germany, afterwards participated in the European Championships of Basketball in year 1951, which took place in Paris. Germany attained position 12 out of the 18 participants. Success never went to West Germany until the German reunion of 1990. Before this reunion the East Germans did not have any interests for this game. In year 1993, the German basketball team emerged victorious in that year’s European Championships and was as well voted the ‘Team of the Year’ courtesy of the national press. Afterwards, Germany has become the first runners up in the year 2005’s Championships of Europe and third in the 2002 global Championships. America has not really borrowed a lot from the German Basketball sports but rather contributed to its growth. As a matter of fact the first step towards German Basketball development was made by a teacher from the US by the name Naismith James who invented the sport in the country in the year 1951. These two nations have continued to learn from each other as regards the sport. (basketball-bund.de, 2011) Before 1895, when William Morgan invented a new sport known as volleyball, there was the German sport by the name Faustball invented in 1891. Therefore, William’s invention included the German Faustball, handball, baseball, tennis and basketball as a combination. In America, it was not until 1928, that the sport of volleyball started to be professionally managed by new US Volleyball Association. (essortment.com, 2011) Volleyball continued to grow in popularity and with time it became a bit more strategic as a sport. There came about the defensive and offensive schemes, and set-and-spike among others. The East Germany volleyball team employed some these skills and managed to dominate the sport in the whole

Law resolves conflict and encourages cooperation Essay

Law resolves conflict and encourages cooperation - Essay Example Law resolves conflict and encourages cooperation This paper will evaluate how effectively the law resolves conflict and encourages cooperation in the world order. Several situations are a threat to global peace such as nuclear weapons, terrorist activities and growth of ISIS. There are several international organisations that have the role of maintain world order. Some organisations such as the International Red Cross and Amnesty International have an indirect connection to the state, thus have no way to influence them. The only way that they could exert pressure is by exposing and embarrassing the states through the media (Stahn & Melber, 2014). The main legal organ with the responsibility of maintaining world order is the United Nations. The primary purpose of its establishment was to maintain international peace. It is noted that previously there were no means of achieving peace and most of the institutions that existed at the time could not perform their mandate. The members, therefore, stated all the principles, procedures, and methods that could be needed in achieving the much-required peace. In the Charter, the members outlined all the means to be used in the adjustment of disputes and the collective measures to undertake in case of any breach (Bailliet & Larsen, 2015). The Charter insisted that the first measure of dealing with disputes was seeking a peaceful settlement. All the peaceful means that the institution could adopt are listed clearly in the Charter. With the failure of the first method, the second method to undertake is a collective measure of prevention and removal any threats to the achievement of the peace intended.

Accuracy of Frozen Section in Borderline Ovarian Tumor

Accuracy of Frozen Section in Borderline Ovarian Tumor Abstract Borderline ovarian tumor or low malignant tumor present in 10-15% of all ovarian cancers, they usually affect younger women and they have favorable prognosis even with conservative surgery, in which fertility can be preserved. Lack of reliable diagnostic tool to indicate the type of malignancy before surgery or at the time of surgery make the borderline ovarian tumor one of the most controversial topics of gynecology malignancy. This leads to many overtreatment cases with radical surgery or undertreatment with conservative surgery with the higher rate of overtreatment compared to undertreatment. In this review article, we extensively searched for all reported data regarding the accuracy of frozen section in borderline ovarian tumor and compared the results. Our literature search and reviewing the result of 6 studies, which specifically considered the accuracy of frozen section in borderline ovarian tumors, gave us an accuracy of 60% with an agreement between final pathology and frozen section results. 24.5% of under-diagnosed cases where malignant interpreted to benign and 4.9% over-diagnosed cases where benign tumor considered as a malignant. Frozen section is a reliable tool to exclude benign tumor from borderline and malignant but under-diagnosed percentage is higher than to be accepted for a reliable diagnostic method. There are limitations in this review included the low number of enrolled cases, different time of diagnosis and different countries, which did not have similar criteria and classification. Introduction For the first time in 1929, Taylor described the borderline ovarian tumor (BOT) or low malignant tumor [1]. About 10-15% of all ovarian cancers are BOT. They have very interesting histological behavior. Epithelial cell stratification, increased mitotic activity and nuclear atypia are some features of malignancy that present in borderline tumor. They lack the invasion into the stroma and they usually affect younger women and have a favorable prognosis (2). However small percentage, which are invasive and classified in advanced stage are associated with poor prognosis and recurrence rate of about 1-50% (3). Histologically BOTs are classified based on their epithelial characteristics as serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell or Brenner tumors. Their different histologic type plays an important role in their clinical presentation, thus it is very important to determine the cell type before assessment of BOTs [4-6]. Staging is based on International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system for ovarian carcinoma. Review of literature indicated very interesting controversy in distribution of BOTs based on the geographic region. In western country USA and Europe, the leading histological type of BOTs reported as serous (7-9). Interestingly, studies from Korea and Japan have showed that mucinous type was the most common one (10-11). Nevertheless, limited number of patients in these studies did not help to come to the conclusion based on geographic area. Surgery is a standard of care to treat BOTs. Determinant factors that help to choose the surgical methods including patients’ age, fertility status and most importantly the histological characteristic of the tumor. Two standard methods worldwide are used in order to treat the BOTs, conservative or radical surgery. Borderline tumors have favorable prognosis even when they are treated with conservative method of surgery. Despite their benign behavior, the treatment of borderline tumor has been more aggressive just because they are regarded as a subset of carcinoma conservatively. Choosing and applying the correct surgery method is vitally important since patient fertility should be preserved when a conservative surgery is chosen as a method of surgery. Patients benefit from conservative surgery, if the tumor has not invaded into the stroma. In contrast, malignant epithelial neoplasm are needed to be treated more aggressively with radical surgery. Therefore, it is critically impo rtant to detect the right histology stage of the tumor at the time of surgery. An accurate test will have a golden value in these patients because it can avoid overtreatment by radical surgery and save the patient fertility when it is on early stage. On the other hand, it would not lead to catastrophic underestimation of tumor when it is on advanced stage (12). Preoperative imaging and tumor markers are usually used to estimate the characteristic of these tumors, but what is obtained from these methods are limited (13, 14). Most of the time, the decision should be made at the time of surgery in case of disseminated malignancy. Earlier stage of tumor FIGO stage 1, 2 are controversial ones. Preliminary diagnosis can be made based on cytology but tissue biopsy is generally the only definitive available diagnostic tool. Intraoperative frozen section can be an alternative to make the diagnosis intra-operatively. Frozen section as a diagnostic tool is widely used to detect the staging of the tumor. Therefore, the right decision on the surgical path with this method not only gives us information about the malignancy but also can report presence of metastases. Accuracy of frozen section has been reported to be good in terms of malignant and benign tumors but its reliability in BOT has not been investigated sufficiently to be statically significant to be used as a diagnostic tool (15). Material and methods In this review article, we extensively search for all reported data regarding the accuracy of frozen section in BOT and compared the results. In order to write this review, we did an extensive search on Medline, preliminary search words were borderline ovarian tumor and frozen section, borderline and borderline ovarian tumor. Finally, we found 30 articles, which investigated the accuracy of frozen section in ovarian tumor, but only 6 of them reviewed in this study (18-23) because other studies was not evaluated the accuracy of frozen section in borderline ovarian tumor or it was evaluated in subgroups. We looked at accuracy of test in all the studies individually. All data were pooled and overall accuracy, over-diagnosed and under-diagnosed then calculated. Discussion Gultekin and colleagues retrospectively evaluated the 82 cases diagnosed with BOT at their clinic in Izmir, Turkey between 1995 and 2007. They compared the result of frozen sections with permanent paraffin section. Their data showed the 69.5% rate of correct diagnosis, 1.2% over-diagnostic rate and 29.3% under-diagnostic rate (18) Tempfer et al. were looked at 96 cases of BOT between 1995 and 2007. The result of frozen section and paraffin were compared in 71.9% of cases, which accounted for 69 of 96 the result of FS and definitive histology were the same. Results showed an overall sensitivity of 75% and PPV of 94.5%. Twenty-eight percentage (27 out of 96) were under-diagnosed and none over-diagnosed has reported (19). Kayikcioglu and colleagues conducted their study on thirty-three patients evaluated based on frozen sections between February 1992 and December 1997. The correlation between frozen section diagnosis and final pathological examination was 72.7% (24/33). Nine percentage (2/22) had inaccurate results in the serous type and 36.6% (4/11) in the mucinous type. They found that the sensitivity and specificity of frozen section diagnosis were 86.95 and 57.14%, respectively. They concluded that frozen section evaluation in identifying a borderline ovarian malignancy was accurate enough to exclude the(20) K. Houck, et al review between 1980 and 1998 at Massachusetts General Hospital found by reviewing 140 cases in their study, which had 60% consistency with frozen section and final pathology results. 10.7% over-diagnosed and 29.3% under-diagnosed cases were reported in their study whereas the positive predictive value of borderline by frozen section was 89.3%. Another study conducted at University of Pennsylvania by Menzin and colleagues evaluating frozen section and final pathology results of 48 patients between 1986 and 1993. In all of these 48 cases, frozen section was suggested the BOT. Their analysis showed 27.1% under-diagnosed and none of the final pathology results was benign while frozen section suggested borderline. They concluded that frozen section was accurate in excluding the benign tumor but when it came to distinguish between borderline and invasive tumor it was not reliable (22). Kim and colleagues reviewed all pathology reports with BTO in both frozen and permanent section analyses between 1994 and 2008 at Seoul St. Marys Hospital. Similar to other studies, they have compared the results of frozen section and permanent histology. They showed 62.4% agreement between frozen section and permanent histology results, which accounted for 63 of 76 cases. They had 76 cases of BOT diagnosed by frozen section. Eight has been under-diagnosed and 5 over-diagnosed, which was 10.5% and 6.6% respectively. 50% sensitivity and 80% specificity was reported in mentioned study (23). Summary of all above mentioned studies and pooled data are shown on table .1 In addition to the accuracy of frozen section compared to the permanent histology results, some other variables have been evaluated in some of these studies. Some of them examined serous type and mucinous type of the tumor despite the controversial result. One concluded that serous type had more missing diagnosed cases (20) while other results showed that tumors other than serous were more likely to be missed (21). Expert pathologist was another controversial variable expressed in Gultekin et al in their research and some other retrospective reviews showed that expert pathologist and accuracy of frozen section diagnosis were parallel (18). Menzin and Tempfer studies have shown no difference in expertise of pathologist regarding accuracy of frozen section.(19,22) Conclusion It is important to choose the right surgical policy at pelvic mass operation, especially when it comes to BOT, which have the favorable prognosis even with conservative surgery due to preservation of fertility in younger women. There is no accurate diagnostic method to evaluate the ovarian tumor, before or at the time of surgery. Frozen section analysis can provide valuable hiftological information in term of malignant ovarian mass. However, the overall diagnostic performance for BOTs has not been reported satisfactory in any study. As it is shown in table 1, according to previous published data FS has under-diagnostic rate of 24.5%. It showed an excellent result in term of excluding the benign tumor. These result have its own limitations. All the published data were based on retrospective studies, performed on different time frame with different diagnostic criteria and various recommendations. Moreover, they were from different area, which might cause some bias. Number of enrolled cases were limited in addition to different inclusion and exclusion criteria in each study. Although most of the result were statistically acceptable with p-value of

Cross-Listing :: Business, Stock Exchange

Cross-listing can be defined as the listing of a company’s shares in a stock exchange beyond its home country boundaries. It can also be termed as a secondary listing for firms those which are already listed in their home country. Typically, when companies grow bigger and diversify business, they opt for cross-listing to raise capital from larger and more liquid foreign markets. In 2009, nearly 3100 firms cross listed their equity on major overseas stock exchanges globally (World Federation of Exchanges, 2010, list provided in appendix) . It is not only pursued by companies from developed countries but companies from emerging countries are also actively participating. Some major global cross-listing destinations are – New York Stock Exchange, NASDAQ, London Stock Exchange, Tokyo Stock Exchange, Shanghai Stock Exchange, and so on. The key focus of this paper will be on examining the stock price reaction and the patterns of returns before and after listing date for a diverse sample of firms from different countries specifically in the case of London Stock Exchange (LSE). Existing literature has enough evidence that cross-listings on US exchanges are associated with considerable positive stock market reactions (Foerster and Karolyi, 1999; Miller, 1999). However, there has been limited research on the impact of cross-listing on non US exchanges. This serves as a primary motivation for my interest to explore and gain understanding on a stock’s return in its home market as result of cross-listing on LSE. The rest of this paper is structured in the following manner. Section 2 provides a literature review, while section 3 outlines the data, sample and research methodology. Section 4 presents the empirical results and its discussions. Finally, in section 5 I draw a conclusion. In this section, I present an overview of the existing literature that has been reviewed as a part of gaining an understanding on the extent of work that has already been done on the topic of cross-listing and its impact on stock returns. Moreover, literature review was also essential for understanding the statistical methodologies and approaches that I can apply in this paper for testing my hypothesis. Cross listing has been a topic of immense interest among researchers for a long time. There has been lot of developments as well as debate in the cross-listing literature on its different aspects such as motivation for companies to cross-list, whether cross-listing creates value, its impact on risk and return, its financial and economic impacts so on and so forth.

Iran’s Misty Wonders Essay

In Persepolis, by Marjane Satrapi, both the movie and the book were able to portray the main idea of Marjane Satrapi â€Å"Marji’s† life. The main idea being for us to look at how Marji evolved into a grown women with struggles along the way. Throughout both we were able to clearly understand what a difficult childhood she lived and we were able to get a sense of what her life was like back then. Like in many cases, the book informed us of every detail possible in order to get a clearer message across. When it came to the movie, it lacked many details that were included in the book and if you would not have read the book it would cause you to be confused and lost. There are a couple scenes in the movie that seem to just happen, there was no type of development or leading actions involved. There was a specific scene in the movie where Marji and her mother walk past a conversation that her father and neighbors are having, the female neighbor seems to have some type of sca r in her cheek but we are not sure what it is and if it even matters. If we take a look at the book we see that the scene is different. Marji and her family briefly talk with their neighbors, a husband and wife, and the husband tells her father â€Å"Look! A bullet almost hit my wife’s cheek,† (44). This was a piece of information that could and should have been briefly added because it gives us a bigger picture of how dangerous their lives were during the revolution. This would only help us, the viewers, have a bigger reaction to the plot. Another example that comes to mind was the absence of certain characters. The family’s maid, Mehri, as well as Marji’s good friend, is never mentioned in the movie. This was an important factor because throughout an incident that is described in the book we are able to learn the big issues with social class and in the movie it is something that we miss out on since it is not mentioned at all. The incident was that Mehri falls in love with the neighbor’s son and once Marji’s father knows of this he tells Hossein, the neighbors son, that she is a maid therefore Hossein decided to stop seeing her. Marji’s Father explains to Marji, â€Å"You must understand that their love was impossible.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Becau se in this country you must stay within your own social class,† (37). Many of the characters are also lacked full description, for instance, Mohsen, and Anoosh. From the movie all we hear about Mohsen is that he is found drowned in a bath tub and it leaves many unanswered questions such as why did it happen and who was he. In the book we know that he visited the Satrapi family the same day that Siamak visits but that is never portrayed in the movie. When it comes to Anoosh, in the movie towards the end of the story he is telling Marji, she asks if he has any family, and ends the conversation. On the other hand, in the book he tells Marji â€Å"†¦I married and had two children, two girls†¦Ã¢â‚¬  And we are also able to learn that his marriage did not turn out very well. Although, there were many details missing in the movie that were included in the book, I do not think that it takes away the intention of the book. A message is clearly stated throughout the movie as well as the book. In both resources we are able to see how the main character grows up and how her surroundings, and everything she has experienced, influence the person she became. In my personal opinion I feel as if the book was more appealing than the movie. The movie was short and brief and got to the main points of the story and was still able to get a message across. I feel as if the book was more detailed which made the plot clearer. Every character was described perfectly and every scene made sense and fell into place with the other scenes, so that they could all make sense. The details that are included in the book make the story bring more emotion to the reader for the fact that everything is explained, even the smallest details. The visual style for the movie was the same as the book, both were comics. The movie is all cartoons, which is something that I found interesting. I feel that making it into a cartoon was a smart decision because it makes it so simple and easy to follow. I enjoyed the fact that I was able to understand the movie very well, although it was in French, because many of the scenes were similar to the book. In the end, I think both the book and movie were enjoyable. What helped was that I had read the novel, before watching the movie. The lack of details and description of characters could have easily confused someone. On the bright side, a message was still able to get across through both sources.

10 Research Essay Topics on Quantitative Policy Analysis

10 Research Essay Topics on Quantitative Policy Analysis If you need facts to help you write a quantitative policy analysis for education, health, or any other topic, consider the ten facts below: Literature has suggested that unstable family situations such as poor parents’ marital relationship may have adverse effects on the growth of the children, with the adolescent stage showing critical signs of such influence. Concerns such as the incarceration or marital status of the parents tend to affect the performance of adolescent children. Adolescents tend to express the resultant stress in different ways, with most various psychological disorders. Mental health is considered to be among the leading concerns that may be associated to the instability of parental input, especially in the minority communities. However, due to a dearth of study on this topic there is a need to investigate this idea further. Access to clean drinking water is a basic human right. The United Nations has stated that a human right is a universal and indivisible standard for equality and the illegality of discrimination. The United Nations also hosted their Convention on the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses, which dictates international standards for the use and care of international watercourses, with freshwater becoming a concern by the 1990s. As far as environmental freshwater law is concerned, before these international movements existed only the Customary International Law of International Waters as a method of legitimizing water claims for those nations which were forced to share waters. To date there have been over 3,700 international water agreements. The General Assembly of the United Nations’ Convention on the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses states in Article 5 that the use of international watercourse must be done so in a manner which can be considered reasonable and equitable to each nation. When contracts exist between two or more parties on an international scale, and conflict emerges, revisions to international law allow for heightened party autonomy in the selection of which rules of law are applied to the conflict, or in some cases to individual components of the conflict. This provides parties with the freedom to choose lower level litigation or higher, international litigation whereby governments get involved. It is the Regulations from Rome I which stipulate that parties have the freedom to select which applicable law they use, something which is argued to be one of the cornerstones to the conflict of law for contractual obligations. This idea is one which is perpetuated among EU contract law, English Traditional Rules, and the Hague Principles on Choice of Law in International Contracts. The Hague Principles on Choice of Law in International Contracts which apply to party autonomy in the selection of law influences international contracts wherein each of the parties involved are acting in their given profession, and only to this area and not to consumer contracts or employment contracts. Under this rule, contracts are considered international unless all parties have their establishment inside of the same state, or where the relationships which connect the parties are all connected within one state. Under these revised principles the parties are able to choose the law which is applicable to their entire contract or to just a part of it. They can also select different laws for various components to their contract. This choice is not set in stone such that parties can opt at any time during the legal proceedings to modify or change their decision. Article 3 of The Hague Principles on Choice of Law in International Contracts pertains directly to the rules of law and it stipulates that the law selected by the parties can be rules of law which are accepted by international law, by supranational law, or by regional law so long as the laws are neutral and balanced. In essence, this revision to the Hague Rules of law give parties the freedom to avoid things such as federal governance, and instead handle local matters at regional levels, or vice versa. Article 7 of the same UN Convention contains the No-Harm Rule which requires all nations who utilize international watercourses to thwart harm to other nations who use the same watercourses through all appropriate measures. However, many nations proceed to dictate fairness, creating international vendettas which revert to Customary International Law. To address the application of underground water, the United Nations fashioned a resolution in 1994 of the International Law Association calling for further studies on how to govern groundwater. Taking the further research and expounding upon the international water laws currently in place, allowing governments to better fulfill their roles is a vital issue. International Freshwater and Watercourse Law are two very closely related facets of Environmental Law, whose birth has encouraged a rapid growth among other subsections of Environmental Law. While relatively new in regards to concerns such as water pollution, international freshwater law is still in infantile stages, desperately in need of revision and growth. While the United Nations Convention on the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses was a grand step initiative in dictating international standards for the use and care of international watercourses, Freshwater did not become an international concern until the mid-1990s. It was then that navigation of freshwater was addressed, following by non-navigational use of rivers. However, the conflict now arises from the lack of international allocation of freshwater resources. The number of international treaties pertaining to freshwater regulation have increased rapidly in number. Unfortunately the treaties in question pertain to developed countries. Even so, these treaties often result in no action or resolutions. Because of pollution, use, and distribution, freshwater resources and rivers are often at the height of political conflicts. The Colorado River, Rio Grande, Parana, Rhine, Nile, and Jordan rivers are all examples of how conflict can turn to treaties, military actions, and the desperate need for improved international freshwater law. As the lines between political and environmental issues are continually blurred, the agenda for international freshwater and watercourse law has altered significantly each decade since inception with the introduction of other legal breakthroughs. Environmental law was subject to business law during the 1980s, incorporating human rights law and the rights of women. Deciding how best to rectify the shortage of fresh drinking water, while providing means for better international allocation has produced many options, however each with room for negotiations. Interventions to tackle communicable diseases are already in place through organizations such as WHO and the CDC which offer travel-specific information on how to prevent spreading your illness, how to prevent yourself from becoming ill, and recommendations on how to treat your illness. While this does not stop travel or the spread of disease in and of itself, it is a small step. Recommendations for this are difficult and of course, as with all things, begin with education. By first providing information on communicable disease, the risk of spreading such disease while traveling, and on public health methods for remaining healthy, individuals can be educated about topics which can mitigate the risk of spreading diseases. Well, these are nothing if not wonderful. For additional writing help with your quantitative research essay please check our collection of 20 specifics topic on the matter, sample essay and guide on how to write such type of paper. References: Kastelik, J. A., Thompson, R. H., Aziz, I., Ojoo, J. C., Redington, A. E., Morice, A. H. (2002). Sex-related differences in cough reflex sensitivity in patients with chronic cough.  American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine,  166(7), 961-964. Peek M, Cutchin M, Freeman D, Stowe R, Goodwin J. Environmental hazards and stress: evidence from the Texas City Stress and Health Study.  Journal of epidemiology and community health. 2009;63(10):10.1136/jech.2008.079806. doi:10.1136/jech.2008.079806. Rausser, Gordon C., Johan Swinnen, and Pinhas Zusman.  Political power and economic policy: theory, analysis, and empirical applications. Cambridge University Press, 2011. Rihoux, BenoiÌ‚t, and Heike M Grimm.  Innovative Comparative Methods For Policy Analysis. New York, NY: Springer, 2006. Print. Sadoulet, Elisabeth, and Alain De Janvry.  Quantitative Development Policy Analysis. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995. Print. Stokey, Nancy L.  Recursive methods in economic dynamics. Harvard University Press, 1989. Woodwell, D. A., Cherry, D. K. (2004). National ambulatory medical care survey: 2002 summary.  Advance data, (346), 1-44.