The Homeless and Elderly Population free essay sample

The Importance of Ethics Free Essays

Morals is a significant piece of any calling that includes the prosperity of others. At the point when somebody has an impact on another individual’s life, moral judgment is constantly included. In the calling of social work, the individuals that one serves are the â€Å"raw material† of the association (Schissler-Manning S, 2003. We will compose a custom article test on The Importance of Ethics or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now ) The social laborer is there to serve the individuals that depend on their help. I have consistently wanted to help other people in improving their lives. I endeavor to settle on moral choices while keeping the customers wellbeing and the wellbeing of the network as a primary concern. With my own morals to control me, just as the direction of my collaborators and other accessible assets, I will be fruitful in helping other people while staying morally and expertly right. Social laborers shape and change the lives of the individuals that need them. Any individual who works with individuals is accomplishing moral work, however social laborers and human help laborers are particularly significant, in light of the fact that they majorly affect the lives of the individuals that they help. Along these lines, individuals who decide to work in that field must have strong morals. As per Markkula Center for Applied Ethics 2010, Ethics are balanced guidelines of good and bad. It is significant for social laborers to have trustworthiness of good and bad, while continually having the wellbeing of the customer as a top priority. The essential crucial the social work calling is to improve human prosperity (Schissler-Manning S, 2003. ) Human help associations capacity to ensure, keep up and improve the prosperity of people through administrations that characterizes, shape, and change their own qualities and traits (Hasenfeld,1983. The social specialist must have solid morals and ethics and furthermore follow proficient codes and comply with the law. I have needed to be a social specialist and work in the human assistance field for whatever length of time that I can recall. I love helping others and making a positive effect on their lives. I think my solid good and moral standing will take me far in the human help field and help me in turning into a mindful and devoted social laborer. I have an away from of what is good and bad and will in general consider things instead of settle on ill-advised choices. I think my greatest shortcoming is conceivably having too huge a heart. I will in general become genuinely and by and by connected rapidly. I experience difficulty turning individuals who need assistance away and consider the individuals that I help much after my work day is finished. As a human assistance laborer, I realize this is something that I have to take a shot at. It isn't a great idea to turn out to be actually associated with the customer. I realize that on the off chance that I keep on utilizing to great moral judgment, observe proficient guidelines and the law, I will be alright. My arrangement for guaranteeing great moral choices in my vocation is to settle on great good choices, request direction from my pioneers and collaborators, follow the NASW code of morals and keep the wellbeing of the customer and network at the top of the priority list. Self guideline is basic to proficient morals and expert initiative (Schissler-Manning S, 2003. ) Using both inside and outer guideline is basic in the human help field. Inner guideline is our cognizant. I will tune in to my cognizant when settling on moral choices, since I realize those choices will influence the lives of others. The outside guideline or (code of morals), is similarly significant. The National Association of Social specialists or NASW code of morals is expected to fill in as a manual for the regular expert direct of social laborers (Schissler-Manning S, 2003. ) By following the code of morals, just as tuning in to my own morals and thinking, I will have the option to help the customer without limit while remembering the association and community’s wellbeing. I am certain I will confront moral difficulties en route, however in the event that I follow code and utilize my ethics and individual carefulness, I am certain that I will settle on strong moral choices. Being a social specialist is something that I have needed to do since I was a youngster. I understand that by making the duty to help and serve those that need help, I am consenting to settle on great moral choices. It is significant that I remain ethically consistent with myself just as be proficient. I will endeavor to be the best social specialist that I can while following method and continually paying special mind to the customers prosperity. Step by step instructions to refer to The Importance of Ethics, Essay models

Marketing & CSR Activities of Coca Cola-Free-Samples-Myassignment

Questions: 1.Discuss about the Marketing and Corporate social duty. 2.Discuss about the CSR exercises of Coca cola and evaluation of the CSR activities against the CSR model. 3.Prove some proposal for development of CSR exercises. Answers: Presentation Advertising is a general procedure which has the motivation behind brand advancement and improvement in deals. Advertising gets brand at the facing rivalry. Corporate social obligation is another social activity taken by organizations to create society and its financial condition. This present review has concentrated on contextual investigation of Coca Colas CSR exercises. 1.Marketing and corporate social obligation Advertising is certainly not a solitary movement of an organization however a total activity that consolidates numerous activities and endeavors for advancing items picture. The general motivation behind advertising is benefit augmentation and this needs a planned exhibition and in particular, these components establish a decent promoting technique (Baker, 2014).Corporate social duty is a hierarchical activity to recognize obligation of activity with respect to condition and society (Tai Chuang, 2014). This expects to profit society, condition and partners by economical turn of events. The meaning of CSR offers a comprehension of the reason for CSR and this alludes to driving a change for maintainable advancement to assist society, condition and partners alongside the finished result clients or the clients. 2.CSR exercises of Coca cola and evaluation of the CSR activities against the CSR model Coca cola embraces the methodology of social speculation which gets its impact through five phases in esteem chain, some of which are acknowledgment for significant accomplishment in maintainability, improvement in the selling limit of items for the term for the CSR programs and even past that. Manageability endeavors are significant needs for the organization. Coca-cola Africa establishment has gone into an organization with Amref wellbeing Africa for beginning an advantage in elevating openness to safe water and sanitation plan in the landmass. The organization works for strengthening of ladies business enterprise (Carroll, 2015). In Turkey, the organization has an undertaking named Green Economy town identified with new world program propelled by the nearby perfect vitality establishment. The CSR activities of the organization are lined up with the CSR model that puts accentuation on PEOPLE, PARTNERS, PORTFOLIO, PROFIT, and PLANET. The organization accepts on individuals and coord inated effort with huge product offerings focused on benefit augmentation in since quite a while ago run with center around manageability advancement. 3.Recommendation for development of CSR exercises Coca cola must have intensive comprehension of standards which establish normalized global human rights rules. It would be useful for them to step up for actualizing the norms. In every country the organization needs to have joint effort with governments, NGOs, associations, neighborhood industry for advancement of acknowledged standards (Carroll, 2015). In endeavors of improving working conditions, personal satisfaction and monetary achievability the human rights norms can be of extraordinary assistance. Worldwide water flexibly needs greater improvement from the authoritative viewpoint. The organization needs to separate the time length of ventures according to direness with alternatives of long haul, present moment and medium term venture (Tai Chuang, 2014). The manageability parts of CSR additionally need nonstop consideration and endeavors for steady improvement and fulfillment of network and clients alongside different partners. On the off chance that CSR initiative can be acco mplished by the firm, at that point advancement of good cycle becomes conceivable coming about into the improvement of brand picture and brand value in since quite a while ago run (Armstrong et al, 2015). End CSR activities of Coca cola can be additionally satisfying from the cultural premise if greater arrangement on social improvement and worldwide human rights usage can be guaranteed. The organization has a raised degree of brand picture which can offer a consistent development of deals. In the event that advertising is a methods for making deals, at that point, CSR guarantees the drawn out consistency in brand advancement. References Tai, F. M., Chuang, S. H. (2014). Corporate social duty. Ibusiness, 6(03), 117. Carroll, A. B. (2015). Corporate social duty. Hierarchical elements, 44(2), 87-96. Bread cook, M. J. (2014). Advertising methodology and the board. Palgrave Macmillan. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M., Brennan, R. (2015). Promoting: a presentation. Pearson Education.

Plagiarism and Online Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Literary theft and Online Education - Research Paper Example Therefore in inspecting a portion of the insightful materials on unoriginality, this examination paper doesn't simply survey be that as it may, likewise offers my points of view, and gives potential bearings on the basic issues which future researchers may need to address. Literary theft can be considered as the utilization of someone’s work without appropriate referencing the source. In spite of the fact that there are various types of copyright infringement in various establishments ,its definition is established from the premise of the above words. Online instruction is the learning without essentially being in the usually known study hall condition. Bill Marsh presents a fascinating and another methodology on written falsification through the consolidation of the different hypothetical viewpoints; beginning with Vitruvius then Montaigne then George Herbert Mead up to Bakhtin. Bog handles numerous things, yet then basically assesses Turnitin.com which is an arrangement program of identifying copyright infringement, and reasons that it presumes an authentic single maker. Considering the way that Turnitin is very well known among numerous clients even those outside the way of thinking composing section and composing guidelines which are broadly disseminated among compositionists; this methodology by Marsh is very strong (Marsh, 2007). His examination on past discussions on written falsification takes social perspectives, (considering the suspicion that content is a product and must be overseen like a business element) which stand apart from the discussions. Bog likewise assesses how handbooks help in advancing prescribed procedures recorded as a hard copy so as to keep away from counterfeiting. It is a typical practice for past researchers, including the individuals who utilize a social way to deal with unoriginality to end up with various instructive arrangements. Toward the finish of Marsh book, he admirably characterizes instructional method custom and chooses to bring up the difficulties he thinks faces concentrates on written falsification. In finishing up his work Marsh leaves a provoking inquiry for future researchers to derive its answer: Does Internet

Tips for Managing Conflict, Tension, and Anger

Tips for Managing Conflict, Tension, and Anger Stress Management Situational Stress Print Tips for Managing Conflict, Tension, and Anger Maintaining Your Composure When Your Buttons Are Being Pushed By Leonard Holmes Updated on December 19, 2017 Image Source/Getty Images More in Stress Management Situational Stress Effects on Health Management Techniques Job Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress Here are our best tips for managing conflict, tension and anger. After all, to be a safe and predictable person for those around you at work and at home, it is essential that you are able to maintain your composure when you feel like your buttons are being pushed. This strength will help you to achieve your goals in business as well as your goals for your personal relationships.   Share Negative Emotions Only in Person or on the Phone E-mails, answering machine messages, and notes are too impersonal for the delicate nature of negative words. What feels like a bomb on paper may feel like a feather when delivered in person.   Pepper Your Responses with the Phrase, I Understand This phrase will support your goals when the tension is high and you need to find common ground to form compromises or agreements with the other party.   Take Notice When You Feel Threatened by What Someone Is Saying to You Resist the temptation to defend yourself or to shut down the other persons communication. It will take this kind of discipline to become an open, trusting communicator.   Practice Making Requests of Others When You Are Angry  It is often much more useful to make a request than to share your anger. For example, if the babysitter is driving you crazy by leaving dirty dishes in the sink, it is better to make a request of them than to let your anger leak out in other ways such as by becoming more distant.   Try Repeating the Exact Words That Someone Is Saying to You When They Are in a Lot of Emotional Pain or When You Disagree with Them Completely This mirroring technique can keep both the speaker and the listener centered in a difficult conversation, especially when the attitude of the person doing the mirroring is to gain an understanding of a different point of view.   Take Responsibility for Your Feelings to Avoid Blaming Others Notice when blameshifting begins to leak into your speech. I feel angry when you are twenty minutes late and you dont call me is much better than, You make me so mad by being late.   Learn to Listen to the Two Sides of the Conflict That You Are in as If You Were the Mediator or the Counselor If you can listen and respond in this way you will bring peace and solutions to the conflict more quickly. For example, in response to an employees raise request, you might say, On the one hand I understand that you really need the raise, and on the other hand I represent the company, whose funds are very scarce at this time. Is there a way that I can work on your compensation package that does not involve cash? Here, the mediators point of view can look for the creative compromise that takes into account the limits and the needs of both parties.   Take a Playful Attitude Towards Developing the Skill of Emotional Self-Control in High Conflict Situations You could view maintaining self-control in a tense, angry conversation as an athletic feat. You could also view developing this skill as similar to working out at the gym with weights - the more that you use your self-control muscle the bigger it will grow and the easier it will be to remain calm when tension is great.   Wait a Few Days to Cool Down Emotionally When a Situation Makes You Feel Wild with Intense Feelings, Such as Rage As time passes, you will be able to be more objective about the issues and to sort out the truth about the situation more clearly.   Make a Decision to Speak with Decorum Whenever You Are Angry or Frustrated If you give yourself permission to blow up, people will not feel safe around you. They will feel that you are not predictable and will carry shields when they are near you. The fear and walls of others will not support your goals for success in relationships or at work. The 7 Best Online Anger Management Classes

The Rewarding Journey of a Successful Med School Reapplicant

This interview is the latest in an Accepted blog series featuring  interviews with medical school applicants and students, offering readers a behind-the-scenes look at top medical schools and the med school application process. And now, introducing Ally P Accepted: We’d like to get to know you! Where are you from? Where and what did you study as an undergrad? When did you graduate? Ally: I was born and raised in Montana, attended undergraduate schooling at Carroll College  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a private, Catholic, liberal arts school in Helena, MT– where I graduated with a major in Biology and a minor in Philosophy. I graduated in May 2013. Accepted: If you could describe yourself in three words, what would they be? Ally: Bubbly, optimistic, determined. Accepted: Whats one of your favorite inspirational quotes? Ally: â€Å"I alone cannot change the world, but I can cast a stone across the water to create many ripples.† – Mother Theresa Accepted: Where are you currently attending med school? What year are you? Ally: I am a second year medical student at the University of Washington School of Medicine. Accepted: How did the application process go for you? Did you experience any challenges? Ally: I didn’t get into medical school my first time around, and at first I was extremely devastated, thinking I was a failure. Yet quickly that guilt turned into an immediate attitude on the very next day of â€Å"I am going to show all of you medical schools that you want me.† From here I studied and retook the MCAT, switched Certified Nursing Assistant jobs, and ultimately worked on becoming a more confident applicant. I was working at a women’s health clinic when I was rejected from medical school that first time around, and I quickly decided I wanted to work in the hospital setting. I quickly began working as a Certified Nursing Assistant on the inpatient acute medical and oncology floor at one of our local hospitals. This decision to work as an inpatient CNA was humbling, rewarding, and hands down one of the best decisions I could have ever made about trying to become a better applicant for medical school, and more, as a more versed future provider. The exp eriences I had were incredible, and I know that throughout interviewing the second time around I had an entire vault of experiences that I could draw on when asked about specific instances of patient care, failure, and physician/patient interactions. I would encourage those applying to spend some time as a nurse’s aide because you learn to appreciate all team members involved in patient care and you also will learn how to become a vital taking master, which will always come in handy. Accepted: Which resources did you use to prep for the MCAT? Ally: I used Kaplan the first time around, and I did like that, but I felt as though I needed to try a new approach when studying the second time, so I opted for the Princeton Review! I did scheduled online courses to keep myself accountable, and the teachers I had were absolutely phenomenal. My goal for the second time around was to really boost my verbal reasoning score, and the teacher I had for that section ultimately allowed me to do just that. He was amazing! Accepted: How has med school been so far for you? Do you have any survival tips for others just starting out? Ally: Medical school has definitely been a roller coaster. Of course there have been many times of stress and feelings of â€Å"can I really learn all of this,† but the rewards of building patient relationships, learning how to preform hands on skills like suturing and even helping deliver babies has made every single late night, early morning, and breakdown worth it. In terms of the testing schedule, having more or less bimonthly tests for last year and a half has meant enduring a cycle of going from relaxed to building stress the weekend before a test, immediately followed by relief after the exam, and the cycle continues. It was difficult to adjust to the amount of information we were expected to learn for each exam, but I can honestly say now as a second year medical student I am able to comfortably handle the content load for exams, with much less stress. My advice for other students is â€Å"you do you, boo.† All medical students have different learning styles, speeds in which they can â€Å"grasp† content info, and it is important to remember to find what works for YOU! I remember feeling frustrated in the beginning of school as I struggled to find a learning style that really worked for me, and what worked for other students clearly was not for me. Use your classmates as guidance for ways to study, but do not feel hopeless when the ways other students study simply does not work for you. Eventually I did find my way, through using visual aids and lots of flashcards. And don’t go to a group study session without having gone over the information yourself, or else you really are wasting your time. I learned that one the hard way too. Accepted: Do you have any other tips youd like to share with those going through the application process? Ally: My advice would be don’t give up after being rejected from medical school, and if you are one of the people that gets accepted into school the first time around, I commend you! Do not be afraid to use resources such as medical students you know, professors, physicians, or mentors that can help you along the way! I have friends that are years ahead of me in medical school and residency; I constantly ask them questions about things I am unsure about including clerkships, research, good resources, etc AND my last tidbit is when you do get accepted into school, because you can do it, take that backpacking trip you always wanted to go on, quit your job, binge watch every single episode of Grey’s Anatomy and ENJOY your last taste of freedom because you will slowly learn that the time to do absolutely nothing slowly dwindles as you get farther along on this journey. 🙂 Best of luck to everyone applying! You can follow Allys journey by following her on Instagram (@allysongp99) and Twitter (@blondefuturemd). Thank you Ally for sharing your story with us we wish you continued success! For one-on-one guidance on your med school applications, check out our catalog of  med school admissions services. Do you want to be featured in Accepted’s blog? If you want to share your med school journey with the world (or at least with our readers), email us at  bloggers@accepted.com. Related Resources: †¢ Medical School Reapplicant Advice: 6 Tips for Success †¢Ã‚  5 MCAT Mistakes You Dont Want to Make, a free webinar †¢Ã‚  Get Accepted to Medical School in 2017, a free webinar

Internet Freedom And Political Oppression - 1454 Words

An immensely prominent aspect of today’s society is technology, which has provided the world with the internet. Though the internet has provided many positive benefits, it has also brought along many negative aspects. In Evgeny Morozov’s article, â€Å"Technology’s Role in Revolution. Internet Freedom and Political Oppression† the authors argument revolves around cyber-utopianism and realism in regard to the internets actual function. Morozov’s article attempts to convince the reader the internet is a rather negative tool due to how the function of the internet has been more beneficial to governments by allowing the spread of propaganda and legitimacy, and its aid in authoritarianism. Morozov mainly focuses on how many people often seem to forget how the internet carries negative aspects, resulting in cyber utopianism, â€Å"a naà ¯ve belief in the emancipatory nature of online communication that rests on a stubborn refusal to acknowledge its dow nsides.† Morozov argues that cyber utopianism is not a realistic way of viewing the internet due to how the internet operates throughout different countries and because of the effect the internet has had on authoritarianism. Instead of the internet being a tool for the oppressed, Morozov suggests that it has become a bigger aid to governments. Though I do think that the internet is an important aid in helping with world issues, I do agree that there are more negative consequences. This is evident considering some countries barely have accessShow MoreRelatedA Protest Over Censorship Of The Internet Essay1603 Words   |  7 PagesThe political climate in Turkey is much different from the rest of the developed world in the sense of rights and type of leadership. Turkey has been highlighted recently in world news for using the power of their government to control and block certain content that Turkish people want to put on the internet. In developed countries with strong civil ri ghts, such as the United States, citizens do not know what it’s like to fear being arrested for just speaking their mind. The civic artifacts examinedRead MoreThe Political Power Of Social Media1171 Words   |  5 Pagesto become a method of political action because of its accessibility and speed. With the advancing processes of social media as a political force, there have been arguments on the effectiveness and different ways to take advantage of it. Clay Shirky, in â€Å"The Political Power of Social Media: Technology, the Public Sphere, and Political Change,† has addressed the various ways in which countries, especially the United States, has attempted to utilize social media to incite freedom of speech and build aRead MoreBill C 51 And The Canadian Security Intelligence Services Essay1337 Words   |  6 Pages As a consultant for Ontario works, the following is an overview of Bill C-51 and includes issues and recommendations for improvement. Bill C-51 the so-cal led â€Å"terror bill,† is a controversial political Act that is being proposed under Harper’s Conservative government. This is an â€Å"Anti-terrorism Act† that is causing much argument among Canadians and is promoted as intending to increase security on terrorists who plan to attack Canadians on soil. According to Bill C-51 (2015), â€Å"The purpose of thisRead MoreOppression and Dehumanization in George Orwells 1984 Essay1621 Words   |  7 PagesMikalaitis English 9 12 April 2012 Oppression and Dehumanization of Society in George Orwell’s 1984: The Manipulation of Technology, Language, Media and History George Orwell uses his novel 1984 to convey that human beings, as a species, are extremely susceptible to dehumanization and oppression in society. Orwell demonstrates how a government’s manipulation of technology, language, media, and history can oppress and degrade its citizens. In 1984 the political manipulation of technology oppressesRead MoreThe Importance Of Social Harmony In The Pursuit Of Freedom1403 Words   |  6 PagesGandhi: The Importance of Social Harmony in the Pursuit of Freedom In response to prompt #7: Pick two thinkers from among Marx, Fanon, and Gandhi, and write an essay in which you answer this question: what is the best way to achieve human freedom? You should consider: a) How do individual freedoms relate to collective freedoms? b) How do individual and collective practices of self-discipline and education create or impede human freedom? Although a generational, geographical, and cultural gap existsRead MoreHuman Rights Of A Country s Civil Society1579 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Rights A human right is defined as, a right that is believed to belong justifiably to every person. They are often held to include the right to life, liberty, equality, and a fair trial, freedom from slavery and torture, and freedom of thought and expression. The Chinese government often denies any abuses of human rights, but many countries and international organizations argue otherwise. Many point out repeated abuses in areas such as†¦.. Civil Society Civil society can be defined as theRead MoreWhere Wizards Stay Up Late1492 Words   |  6 PagesLate, the Origins of the Internet. Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon walk us through the beginnings of the Internet. The authors will talk about how a computer-engineering firm produced the first prototypes of the Arpanet, and how a group of men made the Internet as we know it today. It tells the intriguing story of how the technology for the Internet was devised. In many respects, it is very much a behind-the-scenes kind of documentary. When thinking about the Internet, one always appears to assumeRead MoreWhere Wizards Stay Up Late1529 Words   |  7 PagesLate In Where Wizards Stay up Late, the Origins of the Internet, Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon explore the beginnings of the Internet. The authors show us how it was a computer-engineering firm that produced the original prototypes for Arpanet, and how several very intelligent men made the Internet possible. The book is excellent in that it brings to the limelight many important people that played an important role in devising the Internet. In other words, therefore, this book is a history as wellRead MoreThe Eyes Of The Modern World Have Long Borne Witness To1510 Words   |  7 Pagesborne witness to the political turmoil that exists throughout the Middle East. In countries like Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and Libya citizens are not so fortunate as to call themselves the witnesses of this turmoil, but they are in fact the victims. Middle Easterners have long been the victims of corrupt systems of government and have endured the civil oppression forced upon them by these governments. In 2010 Mid dle Easterners began to collectively take a stand against this oppression. Widespread demonstrationsRead MoreAmerican Culture Has Become A Melting Pot994 Words   |  4 Pages American culture has become a melting pot, filled with the influence of every person that has entered its borders. With the rise of the technological age, there is Internet access and increased traveling that has led to acquired languages and cultures from across the globe. All over, cultural restaurants, dances and shopping centers are becoming successful out the exploitation of lifestyles from thousands of miles away. In the music industry, it is common to see artist borrow aspects from different

What Changes Older Adults Have Witnessed Over Their Life...

Loyola Marymount University 1) Consider what changes older adults have witnessed over their life span and how those changes influence their experience Life changes that an older adult face includes but not limited to: Physical changes, mental changes, cultural and environmental changes. These changes can make it hard for an older person to seek help due to independence, and stubbornness. Depending on the change it can cause trust issues and fear in them. 2) What are the ways you can communicate respect in the therapeutic relationship when working with older adults? Building a positive therapeutic relationship involves being mindful and sensitive. It is important to not judge an older person on appearance or illness. It is important to be aware that they are all unique individuals with important stories that require you to actually listen and talk with them. Some key ways of building a relationship are building great communication. To build great communication, it is important to acknowledge who they are. It is also important to make them feel like they are participating in their life and making decisions. It is important to have a positive engagement in their environment. 3) What might ‘Wellness† mean for an older adult? Wellness is the degree of how functional someone’s life is. There are eight dimensions of wellness, which include: physical, social, occupational, spiritual, environmental, financial, emotional, and intellectual. An older adult might find himself orShow MoreRelatedThe Popularity Of The 1960s1736 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"While greed may have been rewarded in the 80s, lust, be it for drugs or sex, proved fatal for thousands.† The 1980’s, because of major development in technology, saw major changes in socioeconomics. Many Americans’ symbolize this time period as the generation of the â€Å"yuppie†: a baby boomer with a college degree, a well paying job, and very expensive taste. This decade was more materialistic and self-centered than anyone in their past heritage had ever been. Television shows such as The Big ChillRead MoreEssay on Saints, Scholars, and Schizophrenics 2166 Words   |  9 Pagesorder to gain perspective to why there was such a large number of schizophrenic cases within Ireland, and also why such a large percent were unmarried males. She wanted to dissect the issue of why these individuals were so prone to schizophrenia and what cultural factors cause these high rates. Scheper-Hughes interviewed both individuals in the village but also patients in the nearby mental institution. She relied heavily on thematic apperception tests and interviews for her conclusions. She foundRead MoreIntervention Paper4463 Words   |  18 PagesIntroduction Each year in the United States several million children experience some extreme traumatic event. Some of these events include natural disasters, death of a loved one, vehicle accidents, physical and/or sexual abuse and witnessing domestic violence. Children are increasingly exposed to violence in society. Many of these children may develop some form of psychological problems that can significantly impair their emotional, academic, and social functioning. Research has noted thatRead MoreJamie Oliver s Main Goal For Food2712 Words   |  11 PagesBack to the basics is Jamie Oliver’s main goal for food. He dreams of cooking to be about simplicity and inspiration that fills the hearts of those who thought they would never be able to cook. His focus began with school lunch programs, but to also educate students on healthier food options and teaching the cafeteria workers healthier preparation techniques. His outrage about school lunch programs began with Turkey Twizzlers, â₠¬Å"Turkey Twizzlers are a spiral-shaped twirl of processed turkey meat.Read MoreI m At The Age Now Where Every Adult I Meet1985 Words   |  8 PagesI’m at the age now where every adult I meet insists on asking if I know what I want to do with my life. The answer is no. While college and careers may be closer than ever, I do not believe that grades should be prioritized over being an honest person, and I certainly do not think that integrity should ever be sacrificed for something far more trivial and, ultimately, insignificant as being accepted to a school with a five versus fifteen percent acceptance rate. I think, also, that not knowingRead MoreHow Effective Is Mentoring And How Do You Know It Is Effective3752 Words   |  16 Pages 8.1 WHY ATTACHMENT? A question that is often asked is how effective is mentoring and how do you know it is effective. 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All these elements facilitate the mentee’s capacity to investRead MoreClient Presentation And Service Delivery10192 Words   |  41 Pages Confirm client developmental status CHCDEV001A Reference Guide V5 â€Æ' Contents Introduction 4 The Changing Life 6 Stages of Human Development 7 Physical Development†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....8 Psychological Development Social Development Cognitive Development Affective Development Theories that Inform Community Services Practice 10 Attachment Theory Trauma Trauma Theory Identify Relevant Support for Clients 12 Outcomes Measurement Tools 15 ABAS-II – Adaptive Behaviour Assessment SystemRead MoreFilipino Culture4006 Words   |  17 PagesA Review of the Literature Earnestean Williams COUNS 504 Dr. Thomas, Jimletta Vareene May 14, 2010 Abstract The paper discusses Philippine and Filipino brief history of the life and times of the Filipino people in the Philippines. 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How has the practice of ministry affected your experience and understanding of: a.) God—The practice of ministry has given me numerous opportunities to interact with people at different stages in life’s journey†¦birth, death, marriage, divorce, sorrow, struggle, celebration, and so much more. These relationships have allowed me to see God at work in the everyday world. I have seen God as Comforter for the grieving as a wife mourns the loss of her husband of 55 years. I have seen God as

Theory Change And Scientific Realism Example

Essays on Theory Change And Scientific Realism Coursework Scientific Realism of Why it is difficult to precisely define the idea of approximate truth As some scientists define scientific realism in terms of the truth or approximate truth of the theories of science, some give it a definition in terms of the successful references of the theoretical terms of something in the world which is both observable and unobservable. In addition other scientists also do not look at the scientific realism in terms of the truth or reference, but in terms of a belief in the ontology of the theories of science and therefore making it very difficult to define precisely.Whether historical cases against scientific realism give a good ground for antirealismof scienceThe arguments about the scientific realism is at the centre and it is connected to almost everything else that is found within the philosophy of science since they mostly concern the nature of scientific knowledge. Scientific realism may be described as the positive epistemic attitude that is focused towards the composition of our best theories and models. It gives a recommendation of a belief in both observable and unobservable aspects of the whole world as described by the finding of the science. This epistemic attitude is characterized by both metaphysical and semantic dimensions that cover various commitments that are hotly contested by a number of competing epistemologies of science commonly known as the scientific antirealism.Whether it is a plausible that theoretical term can refer even if the theories on which they are part of is radically mistaken Despite the underlying idiosyncratic qualifications and position variants, there are still very many cores of underlying ideas that are typified by the positive attitude of the epistemic towards the results of the scientific investigations. The distinction between the observables and the unobservable mainly reflects the capabilities of the human sensory. Under favourable condition observable can be perceived using the unaided senses, for example the planets. On the other hand the unobservable cannot be identified in this manner, for example the proteins.

Pop Art vs. Abstract Expressionism - 1854 Words

Pop Art vs. Abstract Expressionism †¢ Characteristics of Abstract Expressionist Paintings-optical buzz, all-over composition, Matisse sometimes painted images on large canvases, as did Picasso but paintings still retained an object like character- the viewer needed to stand back to see the complete composition. Abstract expressionist paintings, on the other hand, draw the spectator into them. The field of vision is thus larger than the field of vision of the spectator, who finds himself in a world beyond measurement (class handouts) Portable Mural Location- Generally, due to severity of totalitarian regimes of Europe, modernist artists were forced to flee Europe in order to continue their art. This meant a shift from the art capitol of†¦show more content†¦Aggressive and harsh, raw in colour, the texture thick and heavy as if it had been relentlessly worked and re-worked over again and again. Pictures dont have the delicacy of Pollocks. Shapes are vaguely suggestive , pressed together, brush strokes are dense (Hugh Honour Fleming, 1991) †¢ Mark Rothko- Abstract Expressionist paintings can be divided into two groups. That of the action painters and that of the colour-field painters. As melancholic and misanthropic as Pollok, killing himself in 1970. Understood that to paint a flat form painting destroyed illusion and revealed truth. He was very aware of the spiritual dimensions attainable in abstract art, some of his works being described as deeply religious. (Hugh Honour Fleming, 1991) Aim-to communicate with basic human emotions. To express tragedy, ecstasy, doom and so on. †¢ Origins and definition of Pop Art- Pop Art was a 20th century art movement that utilized the imagery and techniques of consumerism and popular culture as well as mass media and advertising †¢ Pop Art- defined as making impersonality a style by using the imagery of commercial art and other mass media sources. (Hugh Honour and John Fleming, 1991) Pop Art, a movement in the 1950s and 1960s, is based on popular culture and is concerned with such phenomena of modern life as commercial posters, packaged foods,Show MoreRelatedIwt Task 1 Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagesversus Pop Art In this life, there are many forms of art or art â€Å"movements† to speak of. How we interpret art is a very subjective thing. What a person sees and feels when looking at art greatly depends on their upbringing, their values, and even their mood at the time of viewing. Could something dark and lacking color be art? What about a comic strip in the newspaper or the billboard down the street? Again, interpretation and taste in art is individual. I elected to explore into the two art movementsRead MoreA Range Of Artists And Their Works2006 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"Artists who innovate and challenge existing conventions have an effect on the artworld as profound as an earthquake- they change the shape as of the art landscape†. Evaluate this statement with reference to a range of artists and their works. An earthquake is a ground shaking movement initiated by a sudden movement of rock in the Earth’s crust. These movements occur along faults, which are thin zones of crushed rock dividing blocks of crust. They are caused by stress that builds up over time asRead MoreEssay about Summary of History of Graphic Design by Meggs14945 Words   |  60 Pages2304 squares. Informative Graphics: The Cartesian plane with its X and Y axis was designed in this period by Rene Descartes. Rococo: A style of architecture and art which is recognized by C and S curves, scroll work and floral designs. Often the work was symmetrical and in white and gold. â€Å"Japaned†: A style in which Japanese art and furniture is created and mass produced to reflect the oriental style, for an European market. Artists: Fournier le Jeune: A font designer and author who wrote

Los Olvidados free essay sample

An analysis of the film Los Olvidados which examines the lives of Mexicos street children. The paper examines the effect of government programs, family situations, and poverty on the lives of Mexicos Street Children as portrayed by the film Los Olvidados which presents a compelling depiction of city life. This paper discusses some of the different factors in the lives of the street children. The film, Los Olvidados, paints a rather bleak picture regarding the lives of the poor street children. It also seems to beg the question of who is responsible for making such a mess with peoples lives. Three forces could be blamed for this situation: the government, the lack of a stable and loving family and extreme poverty. Of course, there are infinitely many more reasons, but these three seemed to be portrayed the clearest in the film. A closer look at each one of these factors could help in understanding the social problems of the time and the message that the movie was attempting to portray. We will write a custom essay sample on Los Olvidados or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Tesla Motors and Global Automobile Industry †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Tesla Motors and Global Automobile Industry. Answer: Introduction: A detailed and evidence based evaluation of stakeholder environment for Tesla and US automobile industry is analyzed. Moreover, identifying stakeholders along with their importance is also prioterised in this section through use of certain stakeholder analysis tool (Anton, 2015). The stakeholder groups of Tesla along with the US automobile industry include general ecosystem, industry level, internal stakeholders and potential new stakeholders (Anton, 2015). Stakeholders Expectation/ Interest Importance General ecosystem stakeholders that includes environment regulation and political support International concerns regarding climate and pollution changes has resulted in generation of tough federal state level policies in order to enhance air quality and decreasing greenhouse gas emission. This stakeholder group promotes development of clean renewable fuels and improvement of environment (Chowdhury, 2014). 5 This stakeholder group has its relevance in enhancing Tesla Companys energy storage competitiveness. This has further facilitated the company to attain advantage from the research and development. The company is attaining exceptional support from the government in ensuring its success and development (Dockalikova Klozikova, 2014). Industry level stakeholders that includes consumers and potential competitors The consumers of Tesla Company gives increased importance to the maintenance of corporate social responsibility. Considering such expectation the company has focused developing new ways in decreasing the battery costs. Major competitors of Tesla such as Federal signal increases the expectation of maintaining high competitive advantages (Grnig Khn, 2015). 4 Consumers and the competitors are deemed to impact the revenues of the company as they are highly interested in reasonable pricing and product quality. Position of the competitors is analyzed for increasing the companys efforts in developing CSR activities that can benefit its stakeholders (Kotabe Helsen, 2014). Internal stakeholders such as the employees Being one of the major stakeholders, employees impacts business performance and productivity. Satistifying such expectations, Tesla Company has developed a competitive compensation strategy and HR programs. This is in order to generate skills development and leadership development (Lamas et al., 2017). 3 Employees of Tesla Company are deemed to be the critical success factor within the automobile industry. This stakeholder group is deemed to be important for the company for the reason that this group offers the company to implement is CSR strategies in a better manner and increases business productivity (Liu Li, 2017) Potential new stakeholders such as new investors Investors of the Tesla Company have increased interest in impacting the capitalization of the organization. Investors along with the stakeholders have increased interests in the growth and profitability of the company (Porter Millar, 1985). 3 This new potential stakeholder group is deemed to be important for Tesla Company for the reason that sustainability and recent socio cultural trends supports business growth of the company. This further encourages the investors in investing more within the company (Rothaermel, 2015). Stakeholder Map Stakeholders interests/ expectations Positive International concerns regarding climate and pollution changes Increased importance in the maintenance of corporate social responsibility. Negative Tesla Company has developed a competitive compensation strategy and HR programs. developing new ways in decreasing the battery costs Low High Importance to success Stakeholder Action Planning Issues Actions Comments Global pollution and climate change In addressing such concerns Tesla Company has developed green electric car in order to promote the energy innovation along with attaining goal to attain the sustainable environment (Rothaermel Zimmer, 2014). Electric cars developed by Tesla Company are expected to have decreased impact on international CO2 levels. This initiative if the company is increasing the living standards of people through offering energy efficient vehicles Violation of national legislation Tesla Company has focused on developing better communications along with public relations planning and coordination. This also encompass social media tracking along with the senior management training Tesla Company attains information along with training sessions in order to promote compliance with the national legislation laws (Rowland, 2015). Supply chain based concerns such as environmental, social and governance concerns such as late delivery and recalls To deal with the concerns associated with its supply chain the company is focusing on developing its digital supply chain. For decreasing the environment impact of its supply chains, Tesla has developed exceptional inventory management strategy (Shah, 2016). The company dealt with the rejection of its traditional franchise dealer sales model. The company focuses on dealing with the social and governance concerns has focused on maintaining less inventory along with considering production on demand. Tesla has focused on decreasing the capital and risk associated with storing excess inventory (Sippel, 2015). The stakeholder position analysis of Tesla Company revealed that the company has three major competitors within the US automobile market namely Toyota and Honda (Rowland, 2015). From such analysis it is gathered that the company is dealing with issues related with developing environment friendly vehicles and is struggling with the mass market manufacturing of its few vehicles. Moreover, issues have also been discovered in the batteries of the vehicle. From the stakeholder analysis, it has been gathered that increased importance must be given to its two major stakeholder groups that includes environment regulation parties and its consumers. Consumers are one of the major stakeholders of the company those are dealing with the quality control issues. Increased complains were being received from its consumers regarding the vehicles that are getting overblown (Dockalikova Klozikova, 2014). Tesla Company is also dealing with issues related with the consumers those complained that they had to wait for weeks for repairs for their cars. Focusing greatly on the consumer service is the major consideration for the company. Moreover, government clean air regulations imposed increased risks for Tesla Company. Considering such concerns, the company must focus on abiding by the regulations imposed by the environmental regulation authorize by giving them increased importance (Dockalikova Klozikova, 2014). Importance of Consumers- Tesla is dealing with issues that are impacting its ability to offer vehicles to all its consumers on a timely basis and in an economical manner. Increased complains were being received from its consumers regarding the vehicles that are getting overblown. Tesla Company is also dealing with issues related with the consumers those complained that they had to wait for weeks for repairs for their cars (Grnig Khn, 2015). As consumers are important stakeholders of the company to attain competitive advantage over its major business rivals, Tesla must carefully considers their changing needs and expectations. In order to attain highest consumer satisfaction score, the automobile company must consider the upstart of its electric cars within the international market. Moreover, in order to attain better consumer satisfaction in comparison to its competitors, Tesla must focus on maintaining emotional connection with them. Generating sustainable energy solutions is deeme d to be highly important as huge number of its consumers these days are relying on the companys efforts in maintain quality (Grnig Khn, 2015). Importance of Environment Regulation Authorities- The Company is facing environmental issues regarding the vehicles and its emissions control. The energy independence and securities act is dealing with the energy policy of the United States. Tesla made sure that it will maintain higher energy independence and security and will increase the clean renewable fuels production (Kotabe Helsen, 2014). This stakeholder group must be given increased importance by the company for the reason that it is facing tough competition from its major business rivals such as Toyota and General Motors in developing the most environment friendly cars. This can facilitate the company in attaining increased competitive advantages (Kotabe Helsen, 2014). Moreover, attaining support from the environment regulatory authorities can facilitate Tesla in production of electric transportation technology. Through abiding by the clean air act Tesla can attain huge funding from government environment regulations autho rity for advancing its technology vehicles (Rowland, 2015). In consideration to the issues, Tesla Company has developed two most effective strategies in order to manage its stakeholders legally as well as ethically for maintaining a competitive advantage over all its major business rivals within the US automobile industry (Dockalikova Klozikova, 2014). In maintaining consumer satisfaction and for attaining effective environment regulation Tesla has focused on developing strategies that integrates shared value principles with ecosystem (Dockalikova Klozikova, 2014). These two ethically and legally maintained strategies and its useful implications are explained under: Manufacturing of environment friendly cars for meeting consumer needs- Development of environment friendly vehicles in a sustainable manner is one of the big initiatives taken by the company for running its business ethically (Dockalikova Klozikova, 2014). Elon Mask, the CEO of the company has developed an effective strategy to develop clean energy vehicles for the international market. Tesla Company is also focused on implementing eco-friendly technologies considers its impact on the market niche (Dockalikova Klozikova, 2014). Considering such strategy, the investors of the company are interested to invest more in the company for Tesla is making great attempts in changing the way power is used ethically by this automobile company (Grnig Khn, 2015). Tesla has developed an effective ethical and sustainable strategy of enhancing electric vehicles technology that is facilitating the company in dealing with global warming. This also serves as an important aspect in decreasing the indi viduals footprint within the environment. This strategy will be helpful in making sure that the regulations set by the environmental authorities are followed properly by the company. This will also facilitate the company in maintaining its reputation among conscious consumers within the international market (Grnig Khn, 2015). Developing highly aggressive and innovative strategies focused on environmental regulation- To maintain the environmental standards in an ethical manner, Tesla Company has developed a strategy of developing novel design of its vehicles along with maintaining effective computerization and connectivity. The strategy has also focused n developing strict emission standards in order to boost its bottom line (Dockalikova Klozikova, 2014). Abiding by the regulations developed by the environmental regulatory authorities, the company will make sure that it attains competitive advantage over its business rivals. This can be possible if the company is developing regulatory strategies for maintaining unique sustainable position in the US automobile industry. Tesla has employed emissions regulations strategy in order to attain effective financial advantage (Dockalikova Klozikova, 2014). Following this strategy, the company can attain high environmentally sustainable company ratings from the reg ulatory authorities of the nation. Considering the same, Tesla has made a proposal to California Air Resources Board by a group of medium size automakers like Volvo. This strategy has satisfied the requirements of selling plug-in hybrids than fuel-cell vehicles (Anton, 2015). References Anton, R. (2015). An Integrated Strategy Framework (ISF) for Combining Porter's 5-Forces, Diamond, PESTEL, and SWOT Analysis. Chowdhury, S. D. (2014). Strategic roads that diverge or converge: GM and Toyota in the battle for the top.Business Horizons,57(1), 127-136. Dockalikova, I., Klozikova, J. (2014, November). MCDM Methods in Practice: Determining the Significance of PESTEL Analysis Criteria. InEuropean Conference on Management, Leadership Governance(p. 418). Academic Conferences International Limited. Grnig, R., Khn, R. (2015). Global Environmental Analysis. InThe Strategy Planning Process(pp. 89-96). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Kotabe, M., Helsen, K. (2014).Global marketing management. Lamas Leite, J. G., de Brito Mello, L. C. B., Longo, O. C., Cruz, E. P. (2017). Using Analytic Hierarchy Process to Optimize PESTEL Scenario Analysis Tool in Huge Construction Projects. InApplied Mechanics and Materials(Vol. 865, pp. 707-712). Trans Tech Publications. Liu, X. T., Li, J. H. (2017). SWOT and PESTEL Analysis on the Coordinated Development of New Urbanization and Agricultural Modernization in Heilongjiang Reclamation Area.DEStech Transactions on Economics, Business and Management, (eced). Porter, M. E., Millar, V. E. (1985). How information gives you competitive advantage. Rothaermel, F. T. (2015).Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Education. Rothaermel, F. T., Zimmer, E. (2014). Tesla Motors (in 2013): Will Sparks Fly in the Automobile Industry?. Rowland, C. (2015). Toyotas Stakeholders: A CSR Analysis.Business Management, Sept,24. Shah, I. V. (2016).Comparison of stakeholder management and change management factors in managing successful versus unsuccessful it projects(Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University). Sippel, T. (2015).Managing arising barriers through the involvement of stakeholders in the first stage of the product-life cycle of electric vehicles(Bachelor's thesis, University of Twente). Wolfe, N. (2011).The Living Organization: Transforming Business to Create Extraordinary Results. Encounter. Quantum Leaders Publishing.

Tuesdays With Morrie Essays - Self-help Books, Morrie Schwartz

Tuesday's With Morrie tuesdays with morre is a sad story. It is about a friendsip beetween a college professor and his student. When Mitch went to college at Brandeis University he had a college professor name Morrie Schwartz. Though the four years that Mitch went to college they became really good friends. Mitch asked Mr.Morrie if he could be his mentor. To Teach him all of the things life had to offer. After Mitch graduated from college they agreed to stay in touch. Mitch got a great job offer to be a sports columnist in Detroit, so he took it. Well time went by and they called each other every so often, but after awhile Mitch was much to busy with work that he lost touch with Mr. Morrie. He thought about him every once in awhile but never called or wrote him. One night when he was watching television he saw Mr. Morrie on nightline. That night he learned that Mr. Morrie had Lou Gehrig's disease. After Mitch heard about his illness he called him. Mr. Morrie was glad to hear from Mitch. He told him that he had a lot of things he wanted to discus with him before he died. It was a class and he was the only student. the class met on Tuesdays. It began after breakfast. The subject was the meaning of life. It was taught with experience. No grades were given, but there were oral exams each week. He was expected to respond to questions, and you were expected to pose questions of your own. No books were required, yet many topics were coverd, including love, work, community, family, aging, forgiveness, and, finally, death. The last lecture was brief, only a few words. a funeral was held in lieu of graduation. Although no final exam was given, you were expected to produce one long paper on what you learned. The last class of Mr.Morries class had only one student, which was Mitch.

Sample Positive Outlook Essay - How to Write a Positive Outlook Essay

Sample Positive Outlook Essay - How to Write a Positive Outlook EssayThe purpose of a sample positive outlook essay is to demonstrate that you have a sense of direction. If you're positive all the time and never lose your sense of direction, then you'll do very well in life. Find out how to write a positive outlook essay.You'll want to convey to your readers that you have a confident attitude and that you are enthusiastic about the things that you do. Of course, you want them to be interested in you, but you also need to have a sense of direction. If you have a sense of direction, you'll know exactly where you're going with your life. A sample positive outlook essay will give you that direction and so many more other benefits. You'll be more productive, more successful, and will be much happier and live a longer life.The first thing you'll want to do when writing a sample positive outlook essay is to find an example of a very good article. You can use it as a reference point, but tha t's not what you want to do. You want to write it as if you were writing it for a friend. Now, take this sample positive outlook essay and start thinking about how you would say something like that. This is your essay, and if you make it yours, you will love writing it.One of the most important parts of the sample positive outlook essay is the opening. Try to include this phrase at the beginning of your piece. It must be short and to the point. Keep your introduction short and tell your readers what kind of person they're going to meet. It can be as general as 'John Doe is an optimist,' or as specific as 'John Doe is an optimist.' This way, your reader doesn't have to guess at anything and gets a really good feel for you and your personality.Next, you'll want to talk about why you're writing the positive outlook essay. Write down everything that is bothering you about life and the world around you. Then, summarize all of the things that you're excited about, which includes things li ke meeting new people, meeting people from other countries, and just being able to get out and enjoy yourself.Then, you can introduce your sample positive outlook essay by telling your readers about how you started your new writing project. What made you decide to write this positive outlook essay? Who did you go to? What did they say? These are all great questions that you can use to help get your readers to care about you and your writing project. And, hopefully, they'll start caring about you.The third part of a sample positive outlook essay is your conclusion. Again, this should be very short and simple. You can use this to explain how your outlook changed after your experience with the sample positive outlook essay. But, again, try to be brief. Remember, you don't want your readers to be reading your entire essay, only to find out that they've been duped.As you can see, writing a positive outlook essay is a lot easier than you think. All you need to do is put your thoughts down on paper, write an introduction, summarize your major points, and end your essay with a final quote or statement. All of these parts will make up the signature of your positive outlook essay.

An Analysis of Marketing Strategies of Local vs. International Brands in the Fast Food Sector

An Analysis of Marketing Strategies of Local vs. International Brands in the Fast Food Sector Introduction In this paper, the marketing strategies of two fast food restaurants, McDonald’s and Little Chef, are reviewed and compared to one another. Both companies are in the fast food sector. Little Chef serves customers from only one country while McDonald’s serves clients from different countries across the world, and this creates a significant difference in their marketing strategies. This difference is discussed in the paper. The paper is divided into four distinct parts: definition of terms, overview of the organizations, the marketing strategies and conclusion. Important terms used throughout the paper are defined and explained briefly. The overview helps readers to understand the organizations better, which in turn enables them to understand the marketing mix better. In the marketing strategies, market segmentation, targeting, positioning and marketing mix are thoroughly reviewed before the paper is concluded.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on An Analysis of Marketing Strategies of Local vs. International Brands in the Fast Food Sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Definition of Terms Marketing Strategy Every organization has a number of marketing goals all put together at the start of the business year or the start of the business. In order to achieve these goals, the marketing manager, together with his team, have to sit down and come up with a way to attain these goals. This is the organization’s marketing strategy. The marketing strategy is based on market research done by the organization’s marketing team and focuses on the best product mix that will maximize profits. Once the strategy is complete, it is set out in a marketing plan and executed (BusinessDictionary, 2011). Critical Analysis In academic writing, the critical analysis of a subject or topic involves consideration and evaluation of material authored by other bodies, investigating whether the basis of these claims is sound, and scrutinising whether or not these the claims made by these authors apply to the situation being examined. A critical analysis must not be based purely on description, but must examine the content of other authors and judge how applicable and relevant they are to the topic at hand using knowledge gained in the field, at work, through study or by experience. Not everything written by the authors is to be taken at face value (Birmingham City University, 2011). A critical analysis is a piece of subjective writing, since it expresses the opinion of the writer, and how the writer evaluates a text. An analysis breaks down a topic into study parts to ease the analysis process (LeJeune, 2001). Product Mix In order to achieve maximum profit potential, some of its products have to be marketed together to minimize cost. The process of marketing a range of products that are related to one another and help reduce marketing cost – hence maximising pr ofit – is what finding the organization’s product mix is all about (BusinessDictonary, 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Overview of the Two Organizations McDonald’s McDonald’s started as a small restaurant, founded by brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald. Despite slow beginnings, McDonald’s soon picked up and became a fast-food selling restaurant, a business idea that was picking up in the 1940s. Success for the company, however, came when the McDonald brothers’ equity in the firm was purchased by Ray Kroc, an American investor and businessman. With aggressive business tactics and tactical genius, Kroc expanded the business into one of the most recognizable brands in the world today. With 64 million customers served daily in its restaurants, it is the globe’s largest hamburger fast food restaurant. Hamburgers and other fast foods are not the only source of income for McDonald’s. It also gains large amounts of income from fees paid by franchises, royalties and rents. The company’s financial performance over the last five years, despite the recession, has been steadily growing, partly because of its marketing strategy. According to figures released by the company in October 2011, the company’s revenue rose by 5.5 per cent because of the popularity of its Monopoly game in the United States. Revenues also rose in Europe by 4.8 per cent and in the Middle East/Asia Pacific/Africa region by 6.1 per cent (Associated Press, 2011). Little Chef Little Chef is one of Britain’s most successful, and most controversial, fast food restaurants. The fast food chain identifies itself as a ‘roadside restaurant’ that serves over ten million people every year. It was established in 1958, the same year that Britain got its first motorway. It has grown from a single, 11- seat restaurant to a 162-restaurant chain. Apart from serving tea, bacon eggs and sausages, it offers its customers additional services like Wi-Fi internet connectivity, free ice cream for children under ten, and a ‘to go’ menu for customers who want to take their food away (Little Chef, 2011). The company went into administration in 2007 after it was revealed that it was losing over three million pounds per year. It was purchased by the investment company RCapital, and revamped to ‘keep up with the needs of customers’ (Baker, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on An Analysis of Marketing Strategies of Local vs. International Brands in the Fast Food Sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Its marketing campaign after it was bought out of administration also involved a marketing campaign by celebrity chef Heston Blumenthal (Warman, 2009). Little Chef is now picking up, thriving and looking fabulous under the new management. Marketing Strategy Segmentation Market segmentation refers to a marketing practice where organizations divide their target markets into smaller units – or segments – and apply different marketing strategies depending on the nature of each segment. Market segments are demographic, geographic, psychographic, transaction or functional (Wedel Kamakura, 2000). Demographic markets are divided in terms of the markets demographic elements. The most common used demographic elements used are age, sex, financial status, religion and nationality. Geographic markets are divided according to their geographical location, climatic condition or location from a point. Psychographic segmentation is done based on the knowledge, attitude and opinion that the market has towards a product. Functional segmentation depends on how and why different customers in a market use a product. Transactional segmentation is an easy way of segmenting a market that invol ves using a large number of unique criteria to divide the market. Transactional segments are based on different elements like memberships or even specific demographic elements (Smith, 2004). Market segments are significant because they enable a company concentrate their resources on one segment and create products that appeal to various segments. If a car company segments its market demographically, for example, younger members of society will have cheaper and perhaps flashier cars targeted at them, while high-end, high performance and expensive cars will be marketed to the older and wealthier. McDonald’s As a global brand, McDonald’s segmentation strategy is geographical on a global scale and demographic at a local scale. This is the case because the company has to consider its global performance as a business, while, at the same time, it has to appeal to different customers and their demographic needs. The key to marketing on a global scale is to reduce cost of marke ting, therefore, increasing profits. The key to marketing on a regional or demographical scale is to ensure that customers in a certain region are not left because of demographic issues (Kotler Armstrong, 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a global business, McDonald’s segments its markets regionally first. Every region has countries where McDonald’s franchises are located. The main criterion used to select each country is the potential for growth, and the potential to maintain a high level of annual income turnover. In Europe, for example, the United Kingdom is one of McDonald’s largest markets, with over 1,200 outlets across the country. This comes as no surprise, considering that the UK is one of the world’s largest economies in the world, has one of Europe’s highest populations and is the largest consumer of fast food in the world after the United States, Japan and Canada (Walkman, 2007). The European region has the largest number of McDonald’s franchises. This is because Europe is the richest region in the world, with several countries in the world among the world’s top ten richest economies. In addition, Europe is the richest continent in the world (Masters, 20 09), although the current economic decline in the continent may not be an encouraging sign for McDonald’s. After the economic crisis of 2008, McDonald’s pulled out of Iceland, one of Europe’s hardest hit economies, after it realized that it would not be making sustainable profits from the country. Other countries where McDonald’s does not operate in are Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Batty, 2009). This mode of market segmentation, where a region is selected, and specific countries within the region are chosen to have McDonald’s franchises, combines both demographic and geographic segmentation. Geographically, more aggressive marketing is done in countries that present higher potential for growth than countries with lower productivity. Higher potential is determined by the country’s location, its infrastructure and its climatic conditions, all of which are geographic factors. However, this potential is also determined using demographic fact ors like the citizen’s income levels and the markets’ potential for return on investment. In Africa and South America, for example, only countries with the highest GDPs and higher levels of income are targeted. McDonald’s has franchises only in Brazil, Argentina, Columbia, Chile, Uruguay, Egypt and South Africa (McDonalds, 2011). Little Chef Unlike McDonald’s, Little Chef is only operational in one country, the United Kingdom. Its market segments, just like McDonald’s, are both geographic and demographic. Naturally, however, the segments are not the same as McDonald’s, as discussed below. Little Chef is a roadside cafà ©, with menus specifically designed to serve travellers. Therefore, the main geographic segment is roadside locations. Nearly all Little Chef cafes are located along a road or highway in Britain. The total number of current Little Chef restaurants exceeds seventy, all located along highways. By directly targeting travellers, the restaurant has segmented its market geographically. As defined before, geographic segmentation is not only about countries or regions, but it is also about proximity to certain points. The main demographic element used by Little Chef is age. Most of their foods are relatively affordable and do not focus on a religion, gender or financial status. Most of their foods are ‘normal’ foods consumed by a majority of Britain’s population. This is known as undifferentiated marketing and is further explored in subsequent sections (Kotler Armstrong, 2010). They serve breakfasts, main courses, light choices, desserts and drinks (Little Chef, 2011). However, they have a menu for children. The children’s menu consists of two distinct segments: Children Up to Ten Years, and Toddlers Babies. For children up to ten years, Little Chef has a distinct menu that serves breakfast, main meals and puddings. For toddlers and babies, they serve food in three categories: 4+ mo nths, 7+ months and 10+ months. Targeting Market targeting is the next step after market segmentation. A market segment is a set of potential buyers with common characteristics that an organization chooses to serve. There are three aspects to consider when choosing a target market. The first is the size of the market, and its potential for growth. The second is the market’s structural attractiveness. The final consideration to make is the business’ objectives and resources (Bragg, 2004). When targeting a market, there are three options an organization may opt for. The first is undifferentiated marketing, where a company may choose to target its product to the entire market, regardless of geographical or demographic differences. Coca-Cola’s initial marketing strategy was in this form, although customer needs are now considered in the manufacture of diet sodas, caffeine free soda and other considerations (Kotler Armstrong, 2010). The second option is to target se veral segments and develop distinct products for each segment. For example, airline operators have business and economy classes, and marketing is done differently for each target group. This is known as differentiated marketing (Kotler Armstrong, 2010). The third option is to segment the market and target one market. This is known as concentrated marketing. Rolls Royce, for example, develops its vehicles only for high-end customers looking for, and willing to pay for, comfort and luxury (Kotler Armstrong, 2010). McDonald’s Over the years, McDonald’s has become famous for targeting families with their ‘happy meals’. Its lower-priced menu means McDonald’s franchises appeal more to larger families than smaller ones. The traditionally cheaper prices of food at McDonald’s signify that it targets a larger spectrum of customers than other fast food restaurants in the United States and across the world. In addition, most McDonald’s franchise s are located in suburbs and downtown areas of crowded cities across the globe, which takes them closer to a large number of middle-class citizens (Greco Michman, 1995). McDonald’s has been accused in the past of specifically targeting children with its promotional material. The use of colourful advertising and targeted messages has raised concerns in America over business ethics and the regulation of advertising among large corporations. Teinowitz and MacArthur (2005) reported that McDonald’s were reportedly targeting children as young as four in their marketing campaigns. The main ethical issue raised was the manner with which McDonald’s was taking advantage of the vulnerability of children. Little Chef Towards 2007, Little Chef was accused by several publications and experts for their inability to tap into new target markets. Roadside restaurants are a highly lucrative idea. However, their inability to adapt to the changing needs of customers is reported to be one of the major sources of its downfall. Based on the organization’s core concept, Little Chef’s target market are travellers along British roads. All its restaurants are located along busy motorways and highways in the United Kingdom. Just before it went into administration in 2007, criticism was directed towards the company’s marketing strategy by many experts including Andy Poole, a Senior Accounts Manager at a leading Public Relations firm in the United Kingdom. Little Chef still has a vast target market of consumers aged 25 years plus with mass potential that has not been tapped into. Hopefully this will be realised and any future investment spent on unlocking this rather than trying to target new markets with lame publicity campaigns and branding techniques (Poole, 2007). Positioning Once a company decides to target select market segments, the next step is to occupy a unique position within the customer’s mind. This means that the customer has t o have a different and unique perception towards a company’s product. As Ries and Trout (1972) explain, â€Å"Positioning is not what you do to a product; it is what you do to the mind of a prospect.† In essence, market positioning answers the organization’s question of ‘who’ they want to be. A good example of how to position a product is the case of Coca Cola and the Diet Coke. Most male consumers regarded Diet Coke as a girly and feminine product, and naturally they felt left out and did not feel obliged to purchase that product. In response, Coca Cola introduced the branded Coke Zero, designed to appeal to male consumers. Market positioning is used to reach out to a particular audience in a crowded market place. McDonald’s Dylan (2007) states categorically that McDonald’s has always wanted to be identified as a family-oriented and family friendly. It has, therefore, marketed itself in a way that draws families and family-oriented cu stomers towards it. They developed this identity, as explained by Dylan, even before they developed their product. It is also noteworthy to mention that McDonald’s does not only market itself as a family-oriented fast food chain of restaurants, but also as a reasonably low-priced fast food restaurant that offers meals that taste fantastic. Obviously, McDonald’s has the potential to target a larger market audience, but they chose not to. It chose to position itself as a family-oriented fast food restaurant, and picked families and children as their target audience. To provide better focus McDonald’s market position, certain decisions made by the company can be considered. First McDonald’s does not choose to prepare better quality meals at a higher price and longer preparation hours than its competitors. Secondly, they have the capability to offer more meals, a wider menu and a larger variety of meals, but they choose not to and stick with well-known produc ts. Finally, they have continued to target children and families, but not adults. Little Chef In an article for the Financial Times, Stern (2009) describes Little Chef with the same emotion that most analysts and pundits across Britain do: nostalgia. Most adults in the UK today remember visiting Little Chef as children with their parents. It was a must do for nearly all British children, particularly during journeys across the country. Little Chef’s position, therefore, is already set. However, the cause of their decline in the late nineties and the early part of this century was their inability to adapt to the market’s needs. The arrival of American food and the ‘McDonald’s style’ of service caused a shift in the attitudes of the majority. Currently, the company is undergoing an evolution. They have the advantage of heritage and market presence on their side, but it is necessary that they establish modern methods of doing business (Peletier, 2011). Marketing mix A firm must find a way of marketing itself to success by mixing four key elements, commonly known as the four Ps of the marketing mix. These are product, price, place and promotion. A firm must find the right product, sell it at the right price, find the right place to sell it, and find the most suitable way to promote it. Having the right product means the product must have all the right features, and it must work well. The price of the product also has to be right, because a price too high or too low may compromise the product’s profit margins. It also has to be available in the right place at the right time, so that customers do not fail to get it. Finally, promotion is necessary to ensure customers are aware of the product’s existence and availability (The Times 100, 2011). McDonald’s Product McDonald’s is very particular on the products it offers. Their top consideration when creating their menus is their consideration of the customerà ¢â‚¬â„¢s ability and willingness to spend. There is, therefore, considerable emphasis on the products that are placed on the menu. McDonald’s is also acutely aware of the changing preferences of customers, and they endeavour to ensure that they keep in touch with their customers’ preferences. Figure 1: McDonalds Product Life Cycle (McDonalds, 2008) When introducing a new product, however, McDonald’s takes significant caution to safeguard the sales of existing products. The new product must not cannibalize the sales of another product (McDonalds, 2008). Price Price carries psychological connotation to the customer, and therefore the price of a product has significant bearing to the buying habits of customers. Price is therefore guided by the customer’s perception of value. As discussed in previous sections, McDonald’s has historically targeted customers in the inner cities of highly populated cities (McDonalds, 2008). The organization must be caref ul to ensure they do not price the product too high or too low. Pricing the product low could have a negative impact on the customers’ placement of the product. Low prices usually signify compromised quality. In addition, if competitors reduce their prices to match McDonald’s prices, profits will have been reduced without the company gaining market share. Place Place is not only about finding the right location or the best points of distribution of a product. It also about managing a range of processes to ensure the product reaches the end customer in the best possible way. McDonald’s restaurants are located in most of the world’s major cities. It places itself in cities to ensure they get the maximum number of customers that can afford and are wiling to eat fast food. Promotion Promotion covers all aspects of communication by a company. McDonald’s uses promotional methods like promotions, merchandising, telemarketing, exhibitions, seminars, demons trations, loyalty schemes and point of sale display. Advertising is also widely used, particularly on TV, radio, online, in magazines and in newspapers. All these contribute to ensuring customers are aware of the existence and availability of the company’s products (McDonalds, 2008). The first step that McDonald’s use is to gain the attention of their customers, and to make sure they retain their interest. The next step is to ensure that these customers like the products that the company offers. The key to reaching their customers has been to combine all these media in ensuring they reach families and young people. The messages, colours, tag lines and promotional material used appeal to the target market. Their promotional style has been accused by protesters and human rights groups as wrong, since it is considered ethically wrong to target vulnerable children with advertising. Little Chef Product The main product that Little Chef offers, of course, is food. They have their menu divided into breakfasts, lighter courses, main courses, desserts, drinks, children and takeaway. Their breakfast dishes include the bloomer butty, the American style breakfast, the healthy breakfast and their famous Olympic breakfast. The Olympic breakfast has bacon, sausage, eggs, mushroom, grilled tomato, baked beans and potatoes, served with fried bread or toast. Their light courses are salads, bloomer bread toasties and various snacks. Their main courses have burgers as their main dishes, with additional options like onion rings and Coleshaw. Little Chef serves pancakes and ice creams for dessert, hot, chilled and alcoholic drinks, and various takeaway meals. Price Little Chef has always priced its commodities quite highly compared to its competitors. Before the takeover in 2007, one of the chief complaints by customers was that the food was not worth the high price that was being charged by the company. The new management has revamped the restaurant, made several key changes to their restaurants and menus and most importantly, prices have not increased by much. This makes the customers appreciate the amount of money they pay for their food. Most customers give a positive review, stating that the food may be a little expensive, but the quality is well worth the price (Little Chef, 2011). Just like McDonald’s, pricing their food too low may have compromised their market position. Place Little Chef targets travelling individuals and families across Britain, so it is natural to locate its restaurants along Britain’s highways. Nearly all major highways have a Little Chef restaurant. However, being on highways, the placement of their business presents two main challenges. First, the business relies heavily on travelling folk. This is not a problem at the moment, however, but if this changes and people start relying more on cooked food, the business could be endangered. Secondly, there are situations where travellers on only one side of the highway are served and not the other. For example, the Barton Stacey, Carcroft and Fenstanton restaurants along the A303, A1 and A14 respectively serve only westbound, northbound and eastbound travellers respectively. Promotion Just like McDonald’s, Little Chef uses communication media to reach its customers. In 2007, however, they had to use a more aggressive method to reach its new customers and inform them about their new look and new restaurants. This led RCapital, the new owners of the company, to hire the services of celebrity chef Heston Blumenthal to promote its restaurants. Little Chef relies a lot on its heritage. They use it to appeal to its customers, who are primarily British. Conclusion Based on the history of the businesses, both companies were started around the same time but have had very different growth paths. McDonald’s has had a meteoric rise to world domination, thanks to proper management and effective marketing, while Little Chef has remaine d confined to one corner of the world and has struggled. However, looking at both companies at the moment, the marketing approach used is quite similar. They have created products that appeal best to their target markets and served the food in restaurants that promote their standing as restaurants. McDonald’s approach to marketing differs significantly from Little Chef’s because of the magnitude of the company, and its global presence. It has to adapt different marketing strategies to different cultures, regions and markets, while maintaining its core appearance and products. Little Chef, on the other hand, uses a similar marketing approach to all its restaurants no matter where they are located in Britain. For both companies, once they have set a marketing strategy, tasks are given to different people for execution. They quantify success by ensuring they meet their short term targets, and they obtain feedback from the market using set systems. One great way to obtain feedback has been the internet, through which the company can get fast and unfiltered feedback fast. It is important to note, of course, that all these marketing goals have to be reached within the confines of a tight and finite budget. Bibliography Associated Press. (2011, November 10). McDonalds remodelling pays off in revenue rise. Retrieved from New Zealand Herald: nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3objectid=10764891 Baker, R. (2011, May 11). Little Chef cooks up a new look. Retrieved from Marketing Week: marketingweek.co.uk/sectors/food-and-drink/little-chef-cooks-up-a-new-look/3026245.article Batty, D. (2009, October 27). McDonalds to quit Iceland as Big Mac costs rise. The Guardian, pp. web: guardian.co.uk/world/2009/oct/27/mcdonalds-to-quit-iceland. Birmingham City University. (2011, May 27). Critical Analysis. Retrieved from Study Guides : Study Skills: http://library.bcu.ac.uk/learner/Study%20Skills%20Guides/4%20Critical%20analysis.htm Bragg, R. (2004). Target Market Identification Development. Spring Hill, TN: Welcome to the Center for Profitable Agriculture (CPA). Business Dictionary. (2011). Marketing Strategy. Retrieved from BusinessDictionary.com: businessdictionary.com/definition/marketing-strategy.html BusinessDictonary. (2011). Product Mix. Retrieved from BusinessDictonary.com: businessdictionary.com/definition/product-mix.html Dylan, W. (2007). Even McDonalds has a market position. In W. Dylan, Small Business, Big Marketing (pp. 4-6). MarketingYourSmallBusiness.com. Greco, A., Michman, R. (1995). Retaining Triumphs and Blunders: Victims of Competition in the New Age of Marketing Management. Westport, CT: Quorum Books. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G. (2010). Principles of Marketing. London: Pearson Books. LeJeune, E. (2001, November 8). Critical Analysis. Retrieved from Southeastern Louisiana University: http://www2.selu.edu/Academics/Faculty/elejeune/critique.htm Little Chef. (2011). A Little Bit About Us. Retrieved from Little Chef : http://littlechef.co.uk/aboutus Little Chef. (2011). Menu. Retrieved from Little Chef.co.uk: http://littlechef.co.uk/menu Little Chef. (2011). Your Comments. Retrieved from Little Chef: littlechef.co.uk/customercomments.php Masters, T. (2009). Snapshot. In T. Masters, Europe on a Shoestring (p. 36). Melbourne: Lonely Planet. McDonalds. (2008). Marketing At McDonalds. Oak Brook: McDonald’s Corporation. McDonalds. (2011). About McDonalds. Retrieved from About McDonalds: aboutmcdonalds.com/country/map.html Peletier, C. (2011, May 12). Little Chef. Retrieved from Identity Designed: http://identitydesigned.com/little-chef/ Poole, A. (2007, January 9). How would you save Little Chef? Retrieved from U Talk Marketing: utalkmarketing.com/Pages/Article.aspx?ArticleID=923Title=How_would_you_save_Little_Chef? Ries, A., Trout, J. (2001). Introduction. In A. Ries, J. Trout, Positioning: The Battle for Your Mind (p. 2). New York: McGraw-Hill Books. Smith, B. (2004). Market Segmentation. Perth: University of Ballarat. Stern, S. (2009, November 2). Big lessons we can learn from Little Chef. Financial Times, pp. web: ft.com/cms/s/0/49b28e4c-c7e0-11de-8ba8-00144feab49a.html#axzz1dP0o8R9S. Teinowitz, I., MacArthur, K. (2005, January 28). McDonalds ads target children as young as 4. Free Press, p. web: freepress.net/news/6424. The Times 100. (2011). Marketing mix (Price, Place, Promotion, Product). Retrieved from Marketing: thetimes100.co.uk/theory/theorymarketing-mix-(price-place-promotion-product)243.php Walkman, D. (2007, August 29). Top Fast Food Countries. Retrieved from International Trade: http://daniel-workman.suite101.com/top-fast-food-countries-a29881 Warman, M. (2009, January 13). Heston Blumenthal: Big Chef Takes on Little Chef. Retrieved from The Telegraph: telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/4228401/Heston-Blumenthal-Big-Chef-Takes-on-Little-Chef.html Wedel, M., Kamakura, W. A. (2000). Market segmentation: conceptual and methodological foundations. Dordre cht: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group.

Instance Variables in Ruby

Instance Variables in Ruby Instance variables begin with an at sign () and can be referenced only within class methods. They differ from local variables in that they dont exist within any particular scope. Instead, a similar variable table is stored for each instance of a class. Instance variables live within a class instance, so as long as that instance stays alive, so will the instance variables. Instance variables can be referenced in any method of that class. All methods of a class use the same instance variable table, as opposed to local variables where each method will have a different variable table. It is possible to access instance variables without first defining them, however. This will not raise an exception, but the variables value will be nil and a warning will be issued if youve run Ruby with the -w switch. This example demonstrates the use of instance variables. Note that the shebang contains the -w switch, which will print warnings should they occur. Also, note the incorrect usage outside of a method in the class scope. This is incorrect and discussed below. #!/usr/bin/env ruby -wclass TestClass # Incorrect! test monkey def initialize value 1337 end def print_value # OK puts value end def uninitialized # Technically OK, generates warning puts monkey endendt TestClass.newt.print_valuet.uninitialized Why is the test variable incorrect? This has to do with scope and how Ruby implements things. Within a method, the instance variable scope refers to the particular instance of that class. However, in the class scope (inside the class, but outside of any methods), the scope is the class instance scope. Ruby implements the class hierarchy by instantiating Class objects, so there is a second instance at play here. The first instance is an instance of the Class class, and this is where test will go. The second instance is the instantiation of TestClass, and this is where value will go. This gets a bit confusing, but just remember to never use instance_variables outside of methods. If you need class-wide storage, use class_variables, which can be used anywhere in the class scope (inside or outside of methods) and will behave the same. Accessors You normally cannot access instance variables from outside of an object. For instance, in the above example, you cannot simply call t.value or t.value to access the instance variable value. This would break the rules of encapsulation. This also applies to instances of child classes, they cannot access instance variables belonging to the parent class even though theyre technically the same type. So, in order to provide access to instance variables, accessor methods must be declared. The following example demonstrates how accessor methods can be written. However, note that Ruby provides a shortcut and that this example only exists to show you how the accessor methods work. Its generally not common to see accessor methods written in this way unless some sort of additional logic is needed for the accessor. #!/usr/bin/env rubyclass Student def initialize(name,age) name, age name, age end # Name reader, assume name cant change def name name end # Age reader and writer def age age end def age(age) age age endendalice Student.new(Alice, 17)# Its Alices birthdayalice.age 1puts Happy birthday #{alice.name}, \youre now #{alice.age} years old! The shortcuts make things a bit easier and more compact. There are three of these helper methods. They must be run in the class scope (inside the class but outside of any methods), and will dynamically define methods much like the methods defined in the above example. Theres no magic going on here, and they look like language keywords, but they really are just dynamically defining methods. Also, these accessors typically go at the top of the class. That gives the reader an instant overview of which member variables will be available outside the class or to child classes. There are three of these accessor methods. They each take a list of symbols describing the instance variables to be accessed. attr_reader - Define reader methods, such as the name method in the above example.attr_writer - Define writer methods such as the age method in the above example.attr_accessor - Define both reader and writer methods. #!/usr/bin/env rubyclass Student attr_reader :name attr_accessor :age def initialize(name,age) name, age name, age endendalice Student.new(Alice, 17)# Its Alices birthdayalice.age 1puts Happy birthday #{alice.name}, \youre now #{alice.age} years old! When to use Instance Variables Now that you know what instance variables are, when do you use them? Instance variables should be used when they represent the state of the object. A students name and age, their grades, etc. They shouldnt be used for temporary storage, thats what local variables are for. However, they could possibly be used for temporary storage between method calls for multi-stage computations. However if youre doing this, you may want to rethink your method composition and make these variables into method parameters instead.